退变性脊柱侧凸近端融合椎的选择:原则及相关问题

2016-12-13 南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院脊柱外科 钱邦平 中国脊柱脊髓杂志2016年第26卷第8期

退变性脊柱侧凸(DS)常合并椎管及神经根管狭窄、椎体旋转、椎间半脱位及矢状面失平衡等病理改变,其手术治疗策略复杂。当患者脊柱侧凸较重、畸形进行性进展,并存胸腰椎后凸畸形,或矢状、冠状面躯干倾斜明显时,常需脊柱矫形融合术以恢复脊柱序列及躯干整体力线,减轻患者症状,并控制畸形的进展。对此类患者,近端融合椎(UIV)的选择是影响远期疗效的重要因素。因此,笔者通过文献回顾并结合临床经验,对DS患者UI

退变性脊柱侧凸(DS)常合并椎管及神经根管狭窄、椎体旋转、椎间半脱位及矢状面失平衡等病理改变,其手术治疗策略复杂。当患者脊柱侧凸较重、畸形进行性进展,并存胸腰椎后凸畸形,或矢状、冠状面躯干倾斜明显时,常需脊柱矫形融合术以恢复脊柱序列及躯干整体力线,减轻患者症状,并控制畸形的进展。对此类患者,近端融合椎(UIV)的选择是影响远期疗效的重要因素。因此,笔者通过文献回顾并结合临床经验,对DS患者UIV的选择原则进行阐述,并分析相关争议问题。


DS患者UIV的选择原则


在选择DS的UIV时应综合考虑以下方面:(1)拟终止节段的状态,即UIV应为正常的椎体,不应终止于骨质疏松性骨折或先天性畸形的节段。(2)在冠状面上,UIV及其头端的椎间隙应尽量水平化,且位于稳定区内,即UIV应位于骶骨正中线±50px的范围内;同时,其应为或接近中立椎,无明显椎体旋转。Cho等提出,UIV不应低于侧凸上端椎,否则会增加邻椎病的发生,并建议选择中立椎为UIV。(3)邻近节段的椎间盘及关节突应均无明显退变,且相邻椎体在各平面上均稳定。(4)在矢状面上,当存在节段性胸椎或胸腰段后凸畸形时(T5~T12>60°;T10~L2≥20°),融合节段应跨越后凸畸形区,常选择后凸畸形上端椎远端的矢状面稳定或中立椎,不应终止于畸形顶椎区。此外,也应避免矢状面上UIV相邻椎间隙的成角。


除上述几点,选择UIV时还应考虑脊柱侧凸严重程度,冠状面失平衡和顶椎偏移,以及双肩平衡状态等因素。总之,对DS近端融合椎的选择应充分考虑退变范围,弯型及病理解剖特点,矢状面序列等,以求获得冠状面和矢状面满意的矫形效果。


UIV应终止于上胸椎或下胸椎区的争议


对于DS长节段融合UIV终止于上胸椎或下胸椎区的选择上,通常当患者为双弯有较重的胸椎侧凸(>40°~50°)、明显的胸椎后凸或胸腰交界区后凸畸形、发生矢状面或冠状面失平衡及骨量差骨质疏松严重时,需考虑延长至上胸椎(T2~T4);而当患者处于正常的平衡状态时,可终止于下胸椎(T10~T12)。理论上,UIV位于上胸椎区时,术后发生交界区后凸畸形(PJK)的概率较小,但其围手术期并发症、假关节及再手术发生率较高;当UIV终止于下胸椎区时,手术创伤小、手术时间短,假关节及并发症发生率低,手术花费少,且对功能的保护有优势,但其术后有较高PJK发生风险。


关于UIV对DS术后生活质量的影响,O′Shaughnessy等通过对20例融合至上胸椎与38例融合至下胸椎患者的比较发现,下胸椎组SRS各维度评分及ODI评分术后均显著改善,而在上胸椎组,SRS功能评分及心理状态评分术后无明显变化,这可能是由于上胸椎组较高的并发症发生率(50.0%vs.36.8%)及再手术率(20.0%vs.10.5%)引起;此外,两组间术后SRS及ODI评分的对比无统计学差异,因此其更推荐在矫形允许情况下终止于下胸椎区,以获得更显著的功能改善。其后Kim等对91例融合至T1~T6及107例融合至T9~L1的DS患者的对比亦获得类似结果,发现术后SRS及ODI评分均无差异。然而,该研究指出虽然UIV终止于下胸椎时总的并发症率偏高,但并不增加严重并发症发生率及翻修手术率,而融合至上胸椎亦不能明显减少PJK的发生。因此,UIV选择为上胸椎或下胸椎均可获得满意的效果,但其仍不能得出明确的选择策略,需综合考虑多方面因素。当融合至下胸椎区时,应选择T9~T10、T11~T12或上腰椎(L1~L2)作为UIV是另一争议问题。


Shufflebarger等认为,与融合至T10及其近端相比,固定至T11/12术后长期更易发生邻近节段的病变,如邻近节段的退变、骨折、内固定失败及PJK等。这是因为T1~T10椎体借真肋与胸骨相连,胸廓的存在使该段胸椎均有更高的力学稳定性,而T11/12节段则无这一优势。若UIV终止于T11/12及更远端,则固定融合节段与活动度较大邻近节段间形成不稳定区,导致长期随访交界区病变的发生。


Simmons等报道,DS患者融合至L1/2时邻近节段病变发生率高达60%,支持上述观点。然而,Shufflebarger等则认为,上述生物力学因素仅为理论上的机制,而交界区病变是与包括年龄、骨量在内的多因素相关的复杂临床表现,在选择UIV时仍应采用以减轻患者症状为主的短节段融合,以减轻手术创伤,降低由融合节段增加引发的假关节形成及内固定失败发生。Kim等分别选择T9~T10、T11~T12和L1~L2为UIV的三组,并比较其临床效果及并发症情况,发现各组在影像学结果、术后及随访SRS评分、PJK发生率及翻修率上均无显著差异,并提出UIV可选择为侧凸更远端的稳定或中立椎。


选择UIV时需考虑术后PJK的发生


PJK作为DS矫形术后常见的远期并发症,是影响UIV选择的重要问题。对PJK的定义仍无统一标准,目前最常用的是UIV下端椎与UIV近端两个节段的上端椎间的Cobb角≥10°。然而以上为影像学指标,其临床意义仍存在争议。Kim等通过一项系统评价对矫形术后发生PJK组与未发生PJK组的SRS评分进行比较,发现组间SRS总分及各维度评分均无统计学差异。


然而,该团队另一项对364例成人脊柱侧凸术后的研究则发现,发生PJK的患者SRS疼痛评分显著高于无PJK组,而SRS其他评分及ODI评分无明显差异,并提出背部的疼痛可作为PJK发生的预警表现。PJK表现模式多样,如UIV近端与自然进程相关的畸形进展,后柱关节韧带复合体的破裂,UIV的骨质疏松性骨折,及融合近端的内固定失败(如螺钉拔出)等。其发生机制可能为UIV及近端组织的过度非生理性应力作用于融合节段及头端活动节段间的交界区,产生持续的剪切力引起。PJK发生的危险因素包括年龄大于55岁、肥胖(高BMI)、低骨量、椎旁肌脂肪退变(后柱张力带作用减弱)和并存神经功能异常(如帕金森病)等患者相关因素,以及前后路联合手术、固定至骶骨骨盆、术后矢状面恢复不满意、过度的腰椎前凸及SVA矫正、PI-LL不匹配、固定节段短(UIV低于L2)、UIV处于下胸椎区和后柱结构破坏严重等手术相关因素。


DS患者中,PJK发生率文献报道为12%~43%。关于UIV对PJK发生的影响,Shufflebarger等报道UIV终止于L1/2、T11/12和T9/10时PJK的发生率分别为50%、50%和14%,融合至与真肋连续的T9/10节段可明显减少PJK的发生,因此其推荐T10及近端作为UIV的选择。然而,Kim等对同样的三组进行比较,并未发现组间PJK发生率的显著差异,此外,各组间长期随访PJK角大小亦无不同。以上PJK均为影像学PJK,虽然发生率不低,但症状性PJK并不常见。通过对选择上胸椎和下胸椎为UIV的比较,Kim等发现两组间PJK角无显著差异,且分别只有3例和2例因PJK需手术治疗。类似的,O′Shaughnessy等报道虽然终止于下胸椎时PJK发生率偏高(18.4%vs.10%),但差异并无统计学意义,且多为影像学PJK较少引起临床症状,并仅有1例需要翻修手术。因此,选择UIV时是否需考虑PJK的发生仍需进一步研究。


综上所述,DS患者UIV应选择上端椎近端稳定、水平、中立的椎体,并充分考虑弯型、矢状面形态、躯干失平衡程度等的影响。在矫形条件允许情况下,尽量选择下胸椎区作为UIV以减少术后并发症,可考虑T10及其近端节段,以降低PJK的发生率,但PJK对手术策略选择的影响仍需进一步研究。


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    2016-12-15 huangdf
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1776595, encodeId=00e61e7659562, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd5884511ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊柱侧凸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84511, encryptionId=cd5884511ca, topicName=脊柱侧凸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Fri Apr 14 15:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=163290, encodeId=dca916329086, content=文章不错,值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Dec 16 14:03:20 CST 2016, time=2016-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1463519, encodeId=78071463519cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d27381288e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38128, encryptionId=7d27381288e, topicName=变性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f69f6545041, createdName=huangdf, createdTime=Thu Dec 15 12:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1525430, encodeId=5c3b1525430ba, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=08548885835' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#融合#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88858, encryptionId=08548885835, topicName=融合)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=08a911636812, createdName=licz0427, createdTime=Thu Dec 15 12:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1579490, encodeId=320f15e949088, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3afd942e905' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#近端#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94279, encryptionId=3afd942e905, topicName=近端)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=da2116536440, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Thu Dec 15 12:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-15 licz0427
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1776595, encodeId=00e61e7659562, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd5884511ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊柱侧凸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84511, encryptionId=cd5884511ca, topicName=脊柱侧凸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Fri Apr 14 15:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=163290, encodeId=dca916329086, content=文章不错,值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Dec 16 14:03:20 CST 2016, time=2016-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1463519, encodeId=78071463519cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d27381288e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38128, encryptionId=7d27381288e, topicName=变性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f69f6545041, createdName=huangdf, createdTime=Thu Dec 15 12:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1525430, encodeId=5c3b1525430ba, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=08548885835' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#融合#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88858, encryptionId=08548885835, topicName=融合)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=08a911636812, createdName=licz0427, createdTime=Thu Dec 15 12:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1579490, encodeId=320f15e949088, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3afd942e905' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#近端#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94279, encryptionId=3afd942e905, topicName=近端)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=da2116536440, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Thu Dec 15 12:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-15 hittouch