创伤骨折后易误诊为急性冠状动脉综合征的致命性肺栓塞1例

2020-06-13 刘涛 林清暑 姜莉 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

肺栓塞是以各种血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支为其发病原因的一组疾病或临床综合征的总称,其中肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)最为常见,其与下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)合称为静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)。笔者于2017-11-

肺栓塞是以各种血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支为其发病原因的一组疾病或临床综合征的总称,其中肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)最为常见,其与下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)合称为静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)。笔者于2017-11-04诊治创伤骨折后围手术期易误诊为急性冠状动脉综合征的肺栓塞1例,报道如下。

病例报道

患者,女,57岁,因“高处坠落伤致左髋部疼痛肿胀、活动受限1d”入院。患者有颈动脉硬化、脑供血不足病史5年,无高血压、冠心病、糖尿病病史。于2017-11-04入院诊断为左髋臼粉碎性骨折,当日在局部麻醉下行左胫骨结节牵引术,并给予低分子肝素钠(5000U,2次/d)抗凝,预防下肢深静脉血栓形成,拟于2017-11-15行髋臼骨折切开复位内固定术。2017-11-14上午10点患者突发胸闷、呼吸困难,心率110次/min,血压、脉搏、血氧饱和度无法测出;急查心电图显示AVR、V1导联ST段抬高,其余导联ST-T压低,D-二聚体为37.11mg/L,高度怀疑急性冠状动脉综合征,不能排除急性PTE。静脉滴注普通肝素抗凝,多巴胺升压。10点37分测血压为84/55mmHg,呼吸34次/min,心率降至56次/min,经口气管插管、静脉推注阿托品0.5mg,心率逐渐升至100次/min。11点08分患者心率再次降至54次/min,静脉推注阿托品0.5mg无效。11点22分患者意识丧失、心跳停止,立即进行胸外按压、球囊辅助呼吸、静脉推注肾上腺素。11点29分患者神志清醒,心率升至120次/min,呼吸30次/min,脉搏血氧饱和度88%。征得患者家属同意后行冠状动脉及肺动脉造影术,结果显示左右冠脉通畅,左肺动脉主干栓塞(图1),给予尿激酶120万U导管内溶栓,溶栓后肺动脉造影显示左下肺动脉部分再通、血流缓慢,溶栓后转入ICU继续治疗。溶栓8h后复查活化部分凝血活酶时间为37.6s,启动依诺肝素钠抗凝(60mg,1次/12h)。患者病情好转,彩色多普勒超声检查未见深静脉血栓形成,随访3个月未出现病情反复及出血等并发症。

讨论

创伤后骨折导致患者静脉血管损伤,制动、卧床、失血性休克引起血液瘀滞,伤后立即出现血液高凝状态,使其成为PTE发病的极高危人群。PTE临床表现多样,缺乏特异性,包括呼吸困难、胸痛、晕厥、咳嗽、低血压、休克、发热等。当患者出现胸闷、憋气、咳嗽等不适症状,要注意早期甄别,除创伤、手术、感染等因素外,需要考虑是否为PTE所致。本例患者表现为胸闷、呼吸困难、休克,心电图显示除AVR、V1外的其余导联ST-T压低,高度提示急性冠状动脉综合征,但结合外伤史及D-二聚体检测结果,不能排除急性PTE,随后动脉造影显示左右冠脉动脉正常、肺动脉造影显示左肺动脉主干栓塞,排除急性冠状动脉综合征,确诊急性PTE。笔者分析患者心电图表现与肺栓塞后低血压及低氧血症导致心肌弥漫性缺血、缺氧有关。张静华等分析认为肺栓塞患者心电图V1或V1~V3/V4导联ST压低与右心室的非透壁性缺血有关,V5、V6导联ST压低可能为受波及的左心室的非透壁性缺血,也可能为右心室明显扩张延伸至V5、V6导联的位置,反映了右心室间隔面的非透壁性缺血。

欧洲心脏病学会2014及中华医学会呼吸病学分会2018急性肺栓塞诊治指南提出,根据PTE患者发病时血流动力学状态、心肌损伤标志物、右心室功能等指标进行危险分层,从而制定不同的诊断治疗策略。血流动力学不稳定者为高危PTE,如无禁忌证应行溶栓治疗。但对于致命性PTE,其禁忌证是相对的,溶栓药物可选用尿激酶、重组链激酶和阿替普酶。对于系统性溶栓出血风险高的患者也可采用介入治疗。本患者出现休克、心脏骤停,明确诊断为急性高危PTE,采用尿激酶导管内溶栓,后续应用抗凝、升压强心、机械通气及保护脏器功能等综合治疗,抢救成功,无大出血等并发症发生。但患者术前未行血管彩色多普勒超声检查、筛查血栓风险,应引起临床医师的重视。

原始出处:

刘涛,林清暑,姜莉,崔丽媛.创伤骨折后易误诊为急性冠状动脉综合征的致命性肺栓塞1例[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2020,35(04):448.

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    2020-07-30 xiakunwhy

    肺栓塞死亡率很高

    0

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