工具变量(instrumental variable)理论与因果推断

2014-06-27 丁鹏 统计之都

="mo">∑ni=1(Di–D¯)2. 上面的估计式也是通常的最小二乘解,这里只是换了一个推导方式。如果将 (1) 看成一个数据生成的机制,在假定 (2) 下我们的确可以估计出因果作用 β. 二 内生性和工具变量 问题的关键是假定 (2) 很多时候并不成立(cov(Di,εi)≠0),比如,吸烟的人群和不吸烟的人群本身很不相同,参加工作培训的人可能比不参加工作培训的人有更强的找工作动机,等

为了介绍工具变量,我们首先要从线性模型出发。毫无疑问,线性模型是理论和应用统计(包括计量经济学和流行病学等)最重要的工具;对线性模型的深刻理解,可以说就是对一大半统计理论的理解。下面的第一部分先对线性模型,尤其是线性模型背后的假设做一个回顾。  一 线性回归和最小二乘法  线性模型和最小二乘的理论起源于高斯的天文学研究,“回归”(regression)这个名字则是 Francis Galton 在研究优生学的时候提出来的。为了描述的方便,我们假定回归的自变量只有一维,比如个体 i 是否接受某种处理(吸烟与否;参加某个工作;等等),记为 Di。 回归的因变量也是一维,表示我们关心的结果(是否有肺癌;是否找到工作培训与否;等等),记为 Yi。假定我们的研究中有 n 个个体,下面的线性模型用于描述 D 和 Y 之间的“关系”:  Yi=α+βDi+εi,i=1,⋯,n.(1) 一般情形下,我们假定个体间是独立的。模型虽简单,我们还是有必要做一些解释。首先,我们这里的讨论都假定 Di 是随机变量,对应统计学中的随机设计 (random design)的情形;这和

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    2015-05-14 drj2003
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1977491, encodeId=50f319e749147, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d9e5130962f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NST#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13096, encryptionId=d9e5130962f, topicName=NST)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80c5136, createdName=drj2003, createdTime=Thu May 14 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1951978, encodeId=be7319519e856, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=04fa11552da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Mental#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11552, encryptionId=04fa11552da, topicName=Mental)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=920c231, createdName=lixiaol, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1668119, encodeId=8dd316681198c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bab405e6c0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#因果推断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40576, encryptionId=2bab405e6c0, topicName=因果推断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b0a326270193, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Wed Jul 16 23:14:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-11 lixiaol
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1977491, encodeId=50f319e749147, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d9e5130962f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NST#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13096, encryptionId=d9e5130962f, topicName=NST)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80c5136, createdName=drj2003, createdTime=Thu May 14 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1951978, encodeId=be7319519e856, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=04fa11552da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Mental#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11552, encryptionId=04fa11552da, topicName=Mental)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=920c231, createdName=lixiaol, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1668119, encodeId=8dd316681198c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bab405e6c0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#因果推断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40576, encryptionId=2bab405e6c0, topicName=因果推断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b0a326270193, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Wed Jul 16 23:14:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]