J Natl Cancer I:为了不得食管癌,别抽烟了

2017-08-10 陶白 肿瘤资讯

食管癌因较差的预后,严重影响着生命健康。研究显示,吸烟是其主要风险因素之一。那么,戒烟会降低食管癌患病风险吗?是否戒烟时间越长,风险越低?瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院分子医学与外科学系Shao-Hua Xie博士,对戒烟与食管癌两种主要组织学类型之间的相关性、戒烟时间的影响、不同种族的影响进行了系统回顾和Meta分析,相关成果在线发表于8月3日的《JNCI》上。

食管癌因较差的预后,严重影响着生命健康。研究显示,吸烟是其主要风险因素之一。那么,戒烟会降低食管癌患病风险吗?是否戒烟时间越长,风险越低?瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院分子医学与外科学系Shao-Hua Xie博士,对戒烟与食管癌两种主要组织学类型之间的相关性、戒烟时间的影响、不同种族的影响进行了系统回顾和Meta分析,相关成果在线发表于8月3日的《JNCI》上。

背景和目的

食管癌是全球第九大常见癌症和第六大癌症死亡原因。尽管进行了深入的药物研发,但是食管癌的总体预后较差(5年生存率低于20%),因此需要采取预防措施。食管癌具有两种主要的组织学类型:食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)和食管腺癌(EAC)。ESCC占到80%的全球发病病例,是亚洲国家的主要亚型。然而,许多西方国家,EAC的发病率在近40年快速增加,并超过了ESCC。

吸烟和重度饮酒是ESCC的主要风险因素,尤其是西方人群。与西方人群相比,饮食因素、社会经济状态、环境致癌物暴露和遗传易感性在亚洲人群ESCC的发病上起到了更强烈的作用。EAC的主要风险因素为胃食管反流病和肥胖症,而吸烟仅是中等强度的风险因素。然而,得出这些结论的研究都是基于西方人群,对亚洲人群进行的此类研究不多。虽然既往研究表明,戒烟后食管癌风险降低,但是戒烟、戒烟后的时间以及戒烟人群的地理位置如何影响不同组织学类型的食管癌风险尚未得知。然而,理解这些对公共卫生和医疗资源来说非常重要。基于此,研究者进行了这项系统回顾和Meta分析。

方法

检索策略和入组标准:

研究对Medline、Embase、科学网、Cochrane图书馆和ClinicalTrials.gov进行了系统地检索,检索内容为报道戒烟和食管癌风险之间相关性的研究。系统回顾的入组标准为:可以确定吸烟状态,并且以比值比(OR)、风险比率(RR)、风险比(HR),相对风险等形式呈现数据;病例对照研究、队列研究、干预研究、临床试验;具有全文的原始研究和独立研究。

数据采集和质量评估:

两名研究者独立采集数据,并根据选择偏倚、信息偏倚和混杂偏倚评估研究的方法学质量。

统计学分析:

目前吸烟者的定义为入组时吸烟,或入组前少于1年或2年停止吸烟;之前吸烟者的定义为,入组前1或2年停止吸烟。使用随机效应模型计算风险比的汇总评估值。Cochran Q检验和I2统计用于检测异质性。

结果

文献检索鉴别出15009项研究,其中的52项符合入组标准:41项调查了吸烟状态与ESCC风险,23项调查了吸烟状态与EAC风险。44项研究为病例对照研究,包含11965例食管癌病例和47817例对照;8项为队列研究,包含1185例新发食管癌病例。多数研究在欧洲(n=22)、美国(n=10)、中国大陆或台湾(n=7)进行,剩下的在日本(n=3)、巴西(n=3)、乌拉圭(n=3)、阿根廷(n=1)、澳大利亚(n=1)、捷克共和国(n=1)、塞尔维亚(n=1)进行。

质量评价:

评估ESCC的41项研究中,22项(53.7%)高质量,19项(46.3%)低质量。分析EAC的23项研究中,高质量17项(73.9%),低质量6项(26.1%)。

戒烟和ESCC:

评估ESCC的41项研究中,与不吸烟者相比,之前吸烟者的风险比为2.05(95% CI,1.71~2.45);目前吸烟者的风险比较高,为4.18(95% CI,3.42~5.12)。

戒烟时间与ESCC风险呈剂量效应关系:

与目前吸烟者相比,戒烟少于5年者的风险比为0.96(95% CI,0.73~1.25),戒烟5~9年、10~20年、20年以上者的风险比分别为0.59(95% CI,0.47~0.75)、0.42(95% CI,0.34~0.51)和0.34(95% CI,0.25~0.47)。戒烟20年以上者与不吸烟者的风险比相似,为0.22(95% CI,0.18~0.28)。敏感性分析的结果与上述分析相似。

Meta分析显示,各研究间,之前吸烟者(I2,69.6%;P<0.001)和目前吸烟者(I2,85.0%;P<0.001)的风险比具有显着的异质性。

之前吸烟者和目前吸烟者间,风险比的差异在北美和欧洲人群中最大,在亚洲人群中不明显。之前吸烟者中,女性比男性的ESCC风险比低。

与低质量研究相比,高质量研究显示,目前吸烟者的ESCC风险比较高,而之前吸烟者较低。调整了饮酒状态和饮食因素后,该结果依然保持稳定。



图1:以不吸烟者作为参考,不同的吸烟者间,ESCC的风险比


图2:以不吸烟者作为参考,不同戒烟时间的ESCC风险比

戒烟和EAC:

评估EAC的23项研究中,以不吸烟者作为参考,之前吸烟者的风险比为1.66(95% CI,1.48~1.85),目前吸烟者为2.34(95% CI,2.04~2.69)。Meta分析显示,各研究间,之前吸烟者(I2,11.6%;P=0.30)和目前吸烟者(I2,26.0%;P=0.13)的风险比无显着的异质性。

与对其他国家进行的研究相比,对北美进行的研究中,之前吸烟者(RR,1.87;95% CI,1.62~2.16)和目前吸烟者(RR,2.52;95% CI,2.14~2.96)的风险比最高。

EAC风险并未随着戒烟后时间的推移而出现明显的降低。与目前吸烟者相比,戒烟少于5年的风险比为0.81(95% CI,0.52~1.26),5~9年为0.87(95% CI,0.58~1.30),10~20年为0.95(95% CI,0.78~1.15),20年以上为0.72(95% CI,0.52~1.01)。


图3:以不吸烟者作为参考,不同的吸烟者间,EAC的风险比


图4:以不吸烟者作为参考,不同戒烟时间的EAC风险比

结论和意义

戒烟与ESCC风险的快速和显着降低相关。戒烟对ESCC的获益在西方人群中比在亚洲人群中更显着。戒烟后,EAC风险的降低有限并且缓慢。戒烟对食管癌的预防作用有助于指导将来的公共卫生政策和临床实践。

点评

这项Meta分析有数个优点,特别是广泛的检索策略,可以鉴别出全球所有的相关文献,从而纳入了大量的研究和参与者,为可靠的亚组分析提供了良好的统计学效力。尤其,此Meta分析将食管癌两个主要的组织学类型ESCC和EAC进行了单独的分析,同时还根据戒烟时间进行了分层,正好弥补了其他相似研究的短板。

值得注意的是,戒烟对西方人群ESCC风险的影响比对亚洲人群大。然而,亚洲人群是全球ESCC发病率最高的,全球约80%的ESCC病例发生在亚洲,并且仅我国就占到了超过一半的病例。尽管亚洲人群中,男性比女性吸烟率高得多,但是ESCC发病率的性别差异不太明显。因此,亚洲人群较高的ESCC风险很可能由其他风险因素造成,例如饮食因素、二手烟、室内空气污染、多环芳烃的其他来源、遗传因素。由烟草以外的其他风险因素造成的较高基线ESCC风险,可能中和了亚洲人群戒烟所导致的风险的降低。此外,多数亚洲研究未调整混杂因素,例如饮酒,而这会高估研究中之前吸烟者的ESCC风险。

原始出处:Qiao-Li Wang,  Shao-Hua Xie,  Wen-Tao Li, et al. Smoking Cessation and Risk of Esophageal Cancer by Histological Type: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JNCI.03 August 2017  

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    2017-12-22 qidongfanjian
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    2017-10-23 liye789132251
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    2017-08-12 gujh
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    2017-08-12 zhouqu_8
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    2017-08-12 luominglian113

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-08-11 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-08-10 130****4638

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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