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论文数据要慎用条图

2015-10-30 孙学军 科学网

论文数据条图表
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许多学者在写论文和作报告的时候，习惯使用均数±标准差和条图的方式展示他们的研究数据，这几乎成为大家的习惯，但是这一习惯可能存在比较大的问题。例如我们有时候希望了解这些被总结的数据背后的具体数据，有时候我们说原始数据，你会觉得简直是完全不了解，很像是一些电影女明星采用高水平化装后的影象图片，观众不了解这些明星素颜如何。或者是经过PS后的照片，你不了解这个人到底长相如何。终于有学者专门对这个问题进行研

许多学者在写论文和作报告的时候，习惯使用均数±标准差和条图的方式展示他们的研究数据，这几乎成为大家的习惯，但是这一习惯可能存在比较大的问题。例如我们有时候希望了解这些被总结的数据背后的具体数据，有时候我们说原始数据，你会觉得简直是完全不了解，很像是一些电影女明星采用高水平化装后的影象图片，观众不了解这些明星素颜如何。或者是经过PS后的照片，你不了解这个人到底长相如何。终于有学者专门对这个问题进行研究，建议杂志停止使用这种表示方法，并提供了他们自己建立的散点图制作工具。

学术界一直十分关注不可靠的数据分析，现在一篇文章对统计数据的表达方式提出质疑。文章认为，条形图描述的系列数据经常存在模糊性和误导性，现在应该停止这种不良习惯，让作者提供更全面的数据细节。这一观点立刻在社交媒体上受到广泛支持，美国西雅图Fred Hutchinson癌症研究中心病毒学家和计算生物学家特雷弗贝德福德在微博分享看法是，使用条图表达数据会掩盖数据细节。

美国梅奥诊所学者分析了多篇年上半年发表在顶级生理学杂志上的学术论文，发现85%的论文使用条图描述连续数据。作者认为这存在很大问题，因为条图中不包含数据的细节，只提供均数和数据的离散度（标准差和标准误），他们用数据说明完全不同的数据可以使用同样的条图描述。他们建议，应该使用散点图表示数据，尤其是一些样本量比较小的研究。这样才能真实反映数据的细节，避免引起读者对数据的误解。

 

不同数据可以用同样条图来展示的案例

条图主要是用来进行数据分类，但是也经常用于其他目的，因为这种作图方法非常简单，使用办公软件Excel比其他类型的数据图更容易制作。作者也提供了他们自己开发的制作散点图的Excel模板，他们鼓励学术期刊修改论文出版政策，尽量减少甚至避免使用条图。他们也建议科学家应该进行数据展示方面的培训。

澳大利亚国立大学遗传学家Gaétan Burgio也关注了该研究，他说自己采访了许多生物医学领域的科学家，似乎都对条图存在的缺陷不了解。使用条图展示研究数据已经成为许多科学家的自然选择。

贝德福德说散点图能将所有数据展示出来，可让读者有机会自己分析研究数据。

Weissgerber, T. L., Milic, N. M., Winham, S. J. & Garovic, V. D. PLoS Biol. 13, e1002128 (2015)

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47396, encodeId=30da4e39698, content=好东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Dec 24 07:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44157, encodeId=43794415e05, content=学习，样本量低时确实条图不准确, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77e41648823, createdName=miaotao, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 10:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42027, encodeId=90a54202e3f, content=好，但是我基础还是不足以理解吸收, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42026, encodeId=34904202650, content=好，但是水平有限, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42008, encodeId=e3d542008ab, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 21:57:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41960, encodeId=aa3a419607c, content=很好的启示, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151030/IMG563256B548B0B5038.jpg, createdBy=359c1659769, createdName=张志友, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 15:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-24 nizongzan

    好东西

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47396, encodeId=30da4e39698, content=好东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Dec 24 07:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44157, encodeId=43794415e05, content=学习，样本量低时确实条图不准确, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77e41648823, createdName=miaotao, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 10:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42027, encodeId=90a54202e3f, content=好，但是我基础还是不足以理解吸收, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42026, encodeId=34904202650, content=好，但是水平有限, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42008, encodeId=e3d542008ab, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 21:57:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41960, encodeId=aa3a419607c, content=很好的启示, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151030/IMG563256B548B0B5038.jpg, createdBy=359c1659769, createdName=张志友, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 15:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-11-30 miaotao

    学习，样本量低时确实条图不准确

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47396, encodeId=30da4e39698, content=好东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Dec 24 07:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44157, encodeId=43794415e05, content=学习，样本量低时确实条图不准确, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77e41648823, createdName=miaotao, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 10:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42027, encodeId=90a54202e3f, content=好，但是我基础还是不足以理解吸收, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42026, encodeId=34904202650, content=好，但是水平有限, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42008, encodeId=e3d542008ab, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 21:57:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41960, encodeId=aa3a419607c, content=很好的启示, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151030/IMG563256B548B0B5038.jpg, createdBy=359c1659769, createdName=张志友, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 15:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-31 三三五五

    好，但是我基础还是不足以理解吸收

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47396, encodeId=30da4e39698, content=好东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Dec 24 07:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44157, encodeId=43794415e05, content=学习，样本量低时确实条图不准确, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77e41648823, createdName=miaotao, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 10:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42027, encodeId=90a54202e3f, content=好，但是我基础还是不足以理解吸收, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42026, encodeId=34904202650, content=好，但是水平有限, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42008, encodeId=e3d542008ab, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 21:57:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41960, encodeId=aa3a419607c, content=很好的启示, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151030/IMG563256B548B0B5038.jpg, createdBy=359c1659769, createdName=张志友, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 15:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-31 三三五五

    好，但是水平有限

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47396, encodeId=30da4e39698, content=好东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Dec 24 07:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44157, encodeId=43794415e05, content=学习，样本量低时确实条图不准确, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77e41648823, createdName=miaotao, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 10:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42027, encodeId=90a54202e3f, content=好，但是我基础还是不足以理解吸收, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42026, encodeId=34904202650, content=好，但是水平有限, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42008, encodeId=e3d542008ab, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 21:57:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41960, encodeId=aa3a419607c, content=很好的启示, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151030/IMG563256B548B0B5038.jpg, createdBy=359c1659769, createdName=张志友, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 15:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-30 梦想天空

    赞

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47396, encodeId=30da4e39698, content=好东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Dec 24 07:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44157, encodeId=43794415e05, content=学习，样本量低时确实条图不准确, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77e41648823, createdName=miaotao, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 10:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42027, encodeId=90a54202e3f, content=好，但是我基础还是不足以理解吸收, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42026, encodeId=34904202650, content=好，但是水平有限, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=df9e1651052, createdName=三三五五, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 08:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42008, encodeId=e3d542008ab, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 21:57:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41960, encodeId=aa3a419607c, content=很好的启示, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151030/IMG563256B548B0B5038.jpg, createdBy=359c1659769, createdName=张志友, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 15:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-30 张志友

    很好的启示

    0