ECNP2018 | 抗抑郁药物治疗中的神经营养因子和神经元可塑性

2018-12-03 常博士 MedSci原创

在2018欧洲精神神经药理学会(ECNP)年会上,Eero Castren博士汇报了抗抑郁药治疗中神经营养因子和神经元可塑性的作用,并强调药物潜在机制为激活BDNF-TrkB信号通路,增强神经元可塑性,并配合康复手段,可有效改善抑郁症状。

摘要

在2018欧洲精神神经药理学会(ECNP)年会上,Eero Castren博士汇报了抗抑郁药治疗中神经营养因子和神经元可塑性的作用强调药物潜在机制为激活BDNF-TrkB信号通路,增强神经元可塑性,配合康复手段,可有效改善抑郁症状

背景

抑郁症是一类高患病率、高自杀率、易复发的常见的精神疾病,其主要的临床特征为情绪极度低落、身体莫名不适,并伴有认知功能障碍,严重影响患者的生活质量和工作能力。临床抑郁症主要依靠患者的自我描述和相关量表进行诊断评估,其治疗主要依赖于抗抑郁药物。抑郁症发病机制复杂,受遗传、心理和社会环境等多方面影响,其生理病理机制迄今尚未阐明。近年来研究表明神经营养因子及相应通路参与了各亚型抑郁症的发病过程,且神经元可塑性与抑郁症的发生发展密切相关。抗抑郁药可通过增强神经元可塑性,调节皮层和皮层下的神经网络,发挥抗抑郁的作用。因此,在2018欧洲精神神经药理学会(ECNP)年会上,Eero Castren博士抗抑郁药物治疗中神经营养因子和神经元可塑性的作用作总结汇报。

、抗抑郁药物与BDNF-TrkB信号通路

1. BDNF-TrkB信号通路

脑源性神经营养因子(Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)是神经营养因子家族中的重要成员,可调节神经元存活和神经突触的可塑性,维持神经系统的功能酪氨酸激酶受体B(Tyrosine receptor kinase B, TrkB)是BDNF的特异性高亲和力受体,两者结合形成的 BDNF-TrkB 信号通路,在神经活动的刺激下参与神经元细胞的存活和生长发育,调节神经兴奋性。研究证实癫痫发作能促进BDNF的合成、分泌,与神经元轴突末梢膜上的TrkB结合后逆行转移至胞体产生生物效应(图1)。

另外BDNF是神经突触晚期长时程增强(Long-term potentiation, LTP)蛋白合成阶段的关键调控因子。LTP是指在条件刺激后,相同的测试刺激诱发突触反应长时间明显增强的现象。研究证实,给予诱发LTP的高频刺激可促进BDNF合成,而BDNF能增加神经递质释放,促进突触传递进一步增强LTP。在敲除BDNF的小鼠中无法诱导产生LTP,而补充外源性BDNF后可诱发LTP。同时,敲除TrkB的小鼠LTP现象减弱学习能力低下。以上结果表明,BNDF与其特异性受体结合形成BNDF-TrkB信号通路在神经活动的刺激下与LTP相互影响,从而在调节神经元存活及神经突触可塑性上发挥着重要作用。

 

图1 BDNF-TrkB 信号通路简图

(来自维基百科https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropomyosin_receptor_kinase_B )

2. BDNF-TrkB信号通路参与抗抑郁药物治疗机制

BDNF-TrkB信号通路在抗抑郁药物治疗过程中发挥重要的作用在BDNF基因敲除的杂合子小鼠中,抗抑郁药物治疗不能减少强迫游泳不动时间。缺乏TrkB受体的抑郁症小鼠在接受慢性抗抑郁药物治疗后,行为学上改善不明显。而过表达TrkB受体能够产生类似抗抑郁治疗的行为效应另外直接注入BDNF至中脑区域或海马体能产生类似抗抑郁治疗的效应促进神经元的增殖和分化。这表明,阻断BDNF-TrkB信号通路可抑制抗抑郁药物的行为学作用,而激活该通路是抗抑郁药物治疗的潜在靶点。

    BDNF的表达增加需要数天/周的抗抑郁药物治疗,而单次使用不同抗抑郁药物迅速提高TrkB的磷酸化水平。BDNF可以通过TrkB信号通路来调控自身的表达,这可能是BDNF水平延迟升高的原因。综上,抗抑郁药物可激活TrkB信号传导通路,提高大脑中BDNF水平,以BDNF-TrkB信号通路为靶点,从而发挥抗抑郁的作用。

、抗抑郁药物与神经元可塑性

抗抑郁药物能增加BDNF的表达,而BDNF可调节神经元可塑性,这提示神经可塑性可能是抗抑郁药物的作用靶点之一神经元可塑性是大脑神经元的结构和功能在内外部环境中发生变化的特性包括突触强度改变突触连接数量改变和神经元构建改变。

研究表明,抗抑郁药物增加海马体、前额叶皮层轴突和树突的重构,促进神经突触的形成。抗抑郁药物还能促进海马、皮质和杏仁体的LTP,以及海马回路的信号传播。在一项抗抑郁药物治疗啮齿类动物视觉皮层神经可塑性的研究中,原本对改善弱视无效的抗抑郁药物在结合视觉刺激疗法的情况下,能有效改善成年鼠弱视情况。这表明,抗抑郁药物可通过神经营养因子信号通路,调控突触的数目,改变视皮层神经元突触的发生和连接、调控视皮层可塑性发展。综上抗抑郁药物可在神经营养因子通路BDNF-TrkB作用下,激活神经元可塑性,产生抗抑郁作用。

结语

 抑郁症病理生理机制复杂,与神经营养因子和神经元可塑性密切相关。研究表明,抗抑郁药物的潜在靶点为神经营养因子和神经元可塑性其机制在于激活BDNF-TrkB信号通路,增强神经元可塑性,改善抑郁症状。然而抗抑郁药物治疗在激活BDNF-TrkB信号通路和神经元可塑性基础上并不能完全决定疗效需要配合恰当的康复手段加以引导和巩固

 

 

参考文献:

[1] Kobayashi, K., et al., Reversal of hippocampal neuronal maturation by serotonergic antidepressants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010. 107(18): p. 8434-9.

[2] Maya Vetencourt, J.F., et al., The antidepressant fluoxetine restores plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Science, 2008. 320(5874): p. 385-8.

[3] Sale, A., N. Berardi, and L. Maffei, Environment and brain plasticity: towards an endogenous pharmacotherapy. Physiol Rev, 2014. 94(1): p. 189-234.

[4] Castren, E. and H. Antila, Neuronal plasticity and neurotrophic factors in drug responses. Mol Psychiatry, 2017. 22(8): p. 1085-1095.

 

 

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    2019-05-06 wetgdt
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