Nat Methods & Nat Biotechnol:利用增殖显微镜分析技术对组织中的RNA和蛋白进行纳米精度的成像

2016-07-06 佚名 生物谷

细胞含有上千个信使RNA(mRNA)分子,每个mRNA将细胞核中的DNA遗传指令携带到细胞质中的核糖体上。如今,来自美国麻省理工学院(MIT)的研究人员开发出一种方法能够在完整的组织中以比以往更高的分辨率可视化观察这些mRNA分子,从而允许人们准确地绘制RNA在整个细胞中的位置。 这项新技术的关键在于在进行成像之前,让组织增殖。通过让组织样品变得更大,就能够利用在研究性实验室中经常发现的普

细胞含有上千个信使RNA(mRNA)分子,每个mRNA将细胞核中的DNA遗传指令携带到细胞质中的核糖体上。如今,来自美国麻省理工学院(MIT)的研究人员开发出一种方法能够在完整的组织中以比以往更高的分辨率可视化观察这些mRNA分子,从而允许人们准确地绘制RNA在整个细胞中的位置。

这项新技术的关键在于在进行成像之前,让组织增殖。通过让组织样品变得更大,就能够利用在研究性实验室中经常发现的普通显微镜对它进行非常高分辨率地成像。

在一篇描述这项技术的于2016年7月4日在线发表在Nature Methods期刊上标题为“Nanoscale imaging of RNA with expansion microscopy”的论文中,论文通信作者和MIT生物工程、大脑科学与认知科学副教授Ed Boyden说,“如今,我们能够以更好的空间精准度对RNA进行成像,而且我们也能够在大的完整组织中更加容易地做到这一点。”

MIT研究生Fei Chen和Asmamaw Wassie是这篇Nature Methods期刊论文的第一作者。

研究RNA在细胞内的分布可能有助科学家们更多地了解细胞如何控制它们的基因表达,而且也可能允许他们研究被认为是由RNA不能够迁移到正确的位置所导致的疾病。

去年,Boyden和同事们首先描述这种被称作增殖显微镜分析(expansion microscopy, ExM)的技术,那时,他们利用它对大的脑组织样品内的蛋白进行成像。而在另一篇于2016年7月4日在线发表在Nature Biotechnology期刊上标题为“Protein-retention expansion microscopy of cells and tissues labeled using standard fluorescent proteins and antibodies”的论文中,MIT研究人员公布了这种技术的新版本,它使用现存的化学物,从而使得成像更加容易使用。

MIT研究生Fei Chen和Paul Tillberg是这篇Nature Biotechnology期刊论文的第一作者。

一种更加简单的过程

这种初始的增殖显微镜分析技术是基于将组织样品嵌入在一种当加水时会发生膨胀的聚合物中。这种组织扩大允许人们获得分辨率大约70纳米的图像,而在之前,这种分辨率仅当使用非常专业的和昂贵的显微镜时才能成为可能。然而,这种方法也带来一些挑战,这些是因为它需要构建一种那个复杂的化学标签:在该标签中,一种靶向特异性蛋白的抗体连接上一种染料分子和一种化学锚定物,而且这种锚定物将这整个复合体附着到一种高吸水性的被称作聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的聚合物上。一旦靶蛋白被该标签标记上,科学家们降解将组织样品保持在一起的蛋白,这样当聚丙烯酰胺凝胶膨胀时,就允许组织样品均匀地增殖。

在这两篇新的论文中,为了消除对定制设计的化学标签的需求,研究人员利用一种不同的分子在降解前将靶蛋白锚定在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上。这种分子被他们戏称为Acx,在商业上可以购买到,因此使得这种过程更加简单。AcX能够经修饰后将蛋白或RNA锚定在这种凝胶上。在这篇Nature Biotechnology期刊论文中,研究人员利用它将蛋白锚定在这种凝胶上,而且他们也证实这种技术也可用于之前利用荧光抗体或绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)等蛋白标记过的组织中。

Tillberg说,“这让你使用完全现有的东西,这意味着它能够非常容易地整合到现有的工作流程中。相比于初始的ExM,我们认为它将显著地降低人们使用这种技术的障碍。”

利用这种方法,研究人员使用一台激光片层荧光显微镜,需要大约1个小时的时间来扫描大小为500μm×500μm×200μm的组织块。他们证实这种技术可用于很多类型的组织,包括大脑、胰腺、肺部和脾脏。

对RNA进行成像

在这篇Nature Methods论文中,研究人员利用相同的锚定分子,但是对它进行修饰,从而将RNA锚定在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上。组织样品中的所有RNA被锚定到这种凝胶上,因此在经过降解和增殖过程后,它们保持在它们的原始位置上。

在组织样品发生增殖后,研究人员利用一种被称作荧光原位杂交(FISH)的过程对特异性的RNA分子进行标记。这允许他们高分辨率地对大的组织样品中的特异性RNA分子位置进行三维可视化观察。

这种提高的空间精准度可能允许科学家们探究关于RNA如何导致细胞功能的很多问题。比如,神经科学上的一个长期存在的问题是神经元如何快速地改变它们的连接强度以便储存新的记忆或技能。一种猜测是编码神经可塑性所必需的蛋白的RNA储存在靠近突触的细胞区室中,作好当需要时就进行蛋白表达的准备。

利用这种新的方法,科学家们应当能够精确地确定哪些RNA分子位于突触附近,等待表达。

Chen说,“人们已发现上百种这样的局部表达的RNA,但是仍然难以确定它们的确切位置和它们发挥的功能。这种技术将有助开展这样的研究。”

原始出处

Fei Chen, Asmamaw T Wassie, Allison J Cote, Anubhav Sinha, Shahar Alon, Shoh Asano, Evan R Daugharthy, Jae-Byum Chang, Adam Marblestone, George M Church, Arjun Raj & Edward S Boyden.Nanoscale imaging of RNA with expansion microscopy.Nat Methods & Nat Biotechnol.2016

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    2016-09-11 tulenzi
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    2017-01-26 shock_melon
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    2016-10-02 sunylz
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    2017-03-28 一闲
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    2017-05-20 liye789132251
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    2016-09-08 cathymary

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