急性肝衰竭诊断标准与治疗原则

2016-05-15 首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院 陈煜 中国医学论坛报

最新发表于Ann Intern Med杂志的关于美国成人急性肝衰竭(ALF)的临床特点和转归研究结果显示,尽管1998-2013年美国ALF的病因与疾病严重程度变化不大,但患者存活率有所提高,这可能得益于监护和一些治疗方法等医疗技术的进步与发展。        从病因来看,扑热息痛引起的药物性肝损伤仍居首位,到2013年该病因已

最新发表于Ann Intern Med杂志的关于美国成人急性肝衰竭(ALF)的临床特点和转归研究结果显示,尽管1998-2013年美国ALF的病因与疾病严重程度变化不大,但患者存活率有所提高,这可能得益于监护和一些治疗方法等医疗技术的进步与发展。
       
从病因来看,扑热息痛引起的药物性肝损伤仍居首位,到2013年该病因已占到53%,大多数患者均因为发热、头痛等原因无意识地过量服用此类药物;HAV病毒感染引起的ALF由2.8%降至0.8%;其他病因占比变化不大,药物性肝损伤为10.8%,自身免疫性肝病为7%,缺血性肝损伤为5.7%。
     
中美ALF诊断标准差异
       
在我国,ALF通常指发病2周内出现以Ⅱ度以上肝性脑病(按我国Ⅳ度分类法划分)为特征的肝衰竭综合征。患者起病急,进展迅速。病理组织学表现为:肝脏进行性缩小,肝细胞一次性坏死,坏死面积≥肝实质的2/3(或亚大块坏死,或桥接坏死),伴存活肝细胞严重变性,肝窦网状支架不塌陷或非完全性塌陷。在美国肝病研究学会发布的《ALF处理意见》中,ALF诊断标准为:无肝硬化者出现凝血异常[国际标准化比率(INR)≥1.5或凝血酶原时间延长4~6秒],任何程度的意识改变(脑病),疾病持续时间<26周;Wilson病、垂直获得性HBV感染或自身免疫性肝炎患者尽管有肝硬化的可能,但若疾病持续时间<26周,也可视为ALF。
       
关于ALF诊断标准,美国相较于中国的区别有:对凝血功能障碍的诊断标准较宽;未提到黄疸;只要疾病持续时间<26周均属ALF范畴;认为更细致的时间划分没有意义;强调诊断时间。
       
ALF治疗原则
      
不同原因所致ALF存在异质性,但由于ALF源于肝细胞急性坏死,其临床表现仍然相同。对所有症状及实验室指标表现为中度到重度急性肝炎患者,应立即检测凝血酶原时间,详细评估精神状态的细微改变,密切监测病情变化。治疗原则包括:①识别并去除肝衰竭病因;②最大限度改善患者的内环境并提供器官功能支持,为肝脏再生提供条件;③积极防治并发症,加强对肝性脑病的治疗;④对早期识别为肝脏不能充分再生者,应及时予以移植登记以提高肝移植手术成功率。

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