急诊颅内血肿清除术中超声诊断对冲性迟发血肿1例

2018-04-28 翁艳 钟庆 徐建 现代医药卫生

患者,男,44岁,主因“骑摩托车摔伤后伴头痛、双侧外耳道流血、恶心呕吐1个多小时”,于2014年11月21日14:34急诊入院。

【一般资料】

患者,男,44岁,

【主诉】

主因“骑摩托车摔伤后伴头痛、双侧外耳道流血、恶心呕吐1个多小时”,于2014年11月21日14:34急诊入院。

【现病史】

入院前1个多小时,患者骑摩托车时不慎摔伤(具体受伤机制不详),伤后昏迷史不详,伤后感头痛,伴有双侧外耳道流血、恶心呕吐,呕吐黑褐色胃内容物数次,具体量不详,呈非喷射状,无抽搐及大小便失禁。伤后随即由路人拨打120后,由本院救护车出诊接回本院。

【体格检查】

入重症监护室(ICU)时查体:患者呈嗜睡状,脉搏(P)89次/分,呼吸(R)16次/分,血压(BP)160/97mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)100%。全身多处皮肤挫擦伤、少许渗液,无活动性出血。右侧额顶部及左侧顶部可扪及肿胀,可见头皮挫擦伤,压痛明显,右侧眉弓上方可见一长约0.5cm皮肤挫裂伤,创缘不整齐,有少许渗血。双瞳等大、等圆,直径约3mm,对光反射存在,眼动充分,双侧外耳道可见血性液体流出。双侧鼻腔有血迹,无活动性出血。右锁骨中段有压痛,可扪及骨擦感。胸、腹部查体未见阳性体征。左足拇趾可见皮肤挫裂伤,四肢可遵医嘱简单活动,轴向无明显叩痛,四肢肌力Ⅴ级,张力不高,感觉查体不合作,双侧膝腱反射对称正常,双侧Babinski征阴性。格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)为12分(E3V5M4昏迷评分法:患者呼唤会睁眼,定向能力正常,疼痛刺激肢体会收缩)。

【辅助检查】

入院时本院门急诊头部CT示:左额颞部硬膜下及硬膜外混合血肿可能性大,脑干受压;右额顶部硬膜外小血肿;左额叶脑挫裂伤伴斑状出血;蛛网膜下腔出血,右颞骨多处线状骨折,右额颞顶部软组织广泛肿胀,双侧蝶窦积液。胸部CT显示:右肺下叶后基底段纤维灶,右侧锁骨粉碎性骨折。腹部CT显示:前列腺增生钙化。

【初步诊断

创伤性硬膜下血肿,创伤性硬膜外血肿,局灶性大脑挫裂伤,创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血,颅底骨折,颅骨骨折,头皮挫裂伤;右锁骨骨折;全身多处皮肤挫裂伤。拟急诊行左侧颅内血肿清除术。

【治疗】

患者于2014年11月21日16:00入手术室,16:10经静脉快速诱导行全身麻醉,经口明视气管插管顺利,超声引导下行右股静脉置管补液、右桡动脉置管行有创血压监测。置患者于仰卧位,头偏右侧,消毒铺巾后,16:55开始手术,绕左侧外耳道做长约18cm额颞部问号切口,分层切开头皮、肌肉,未见颅骨骨折,颅骨钻孔取下约4cm×5cm大小骨瓣,见硬膜外血肿量约30mL,清除血肿后,未见明确出血点,见硬脑膜张力高,悬吊硬脑膜,十字剪开硬脑膜,见颞叶脑组织挫伤,伴脑内血肿形成,清除血肿过程中患者脑组织不停膨出,失去手术空间,术区出血明显,止血困难,全身麻醉下无菌铺巾遮盖无法查看患者双侧瞳孔情况,结合患者受伤机制及术前CT结果(图1),怀疑颅内有新的出血灶,手术医生与麻醉医生商议后,由后者床旁行超声探查。选择开立S8EXP(慧影)2~5MHz凸阵探头,经无菌腔镜套包裹,在左侧去骨瓣处开放脑组织表面放置探头,见右侧颞部出现2.3cm×6.5cm的低中回声匀质梭形包块,边界较清晰(图2),较术前CT片示血肿明显扩大,决定立即外出至影像科复查头部CT以确诊出血情况。手术医生遂立即关闭左侧颅腔,无菌敷料覆盖,撤除铺巾后,查见双侧瞳孔不等大,左侧2mm,右侧10mm,光反射无。麻醉医生携带便携式监护仪与简易呼吸器等设备及麻醉药品后,手术团队转运患者至影像科。急诊复查头部CT提示:(1)左侧颞骨部分骨质缺如呈术后改变,颞叶部分脑组织膨出;(2)右侧颞部顶部2个硬膜外血肿,出血量较大,约67mL,脑疝形成,梗阻性脑积水,脑干受压;右侧颞骨多处骨折,波及中耳乳突及外耳道,双侧额颞部软组织肿胀(图3)。立即回手术室急诊开颅行右侧颅内血肿清除术,外出检查整体耗时约15min。患者再次予仰卧位,头偏左侧,经外耳道前1cm绕外耳道做长约40cm额颞顶大问号切口,分层切开头皮肌肉,见颞骨碎裂骨折,向前延伸致中颅底。术中吸引器吸出部分血肿行减压,并见新鲜血液流出,共清除硬膜外血肿约70mL。手术23:15结束。术中出血约1000mL,行输血、补液,动态监测血气分析,维持酸碱、电解质平衡。术毕患者生命体征基本平稳,带气管导管送入ICU继续治疗。术后常规抗感染、止血、脱水、神经营养、维持内环境稳定等综合治疗。术后12h复查头颅CT:双侧额、顶、颞骨术后改变,双侧大脑半球肿胀,右侧颞叶、左侧额叶、颞叶见斑状、小片状高密度出血,左侧额、顶、颞叶,右侧颞叶及双侧枕叶见大片状低密度水肿,额骨及右侧枕骨内板下少许条状、泡状积气(图4)。2014年12月4日(术后第13天)复查CT(图5):对比术后片示双侧额颞部硬膜外血肿已清除,术区水肿较前好转,左额颞叶、右侧顶叶内残余出血灶密度变淡,左侧额颞叶脑组织部分膨出减轻;梗阻性脑积水及脑疝、脑干受压已明显缓解。术后17d患者各项生命体征平稳,双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直径约2mm,光反射迟钝;神经系统查体:四肢肌张力不高,右侧肢体肌力约Ⅲ级,左侧肢体肌力Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,双侧腱反射存在,双侧Babinski征阴性。GCS为10分(E4V2M4昏迷评分法:患者可自动睁眼,可发出声音但不能说出词语,疼痛刺激患者肢体可收缩)。转回神经外科病房继续康复治疗。


图1  术前CT检查结果


图2  术中经手术切口超声探查图像


图3  术中CT检查结果


图4  术后12h复查CT结果


图5  术后13d复查CT结果

原始出处:

翁艳, 钟庆, 徐建,等. 急诊颅内血肿清除术中超声诊断对冲性迟发血肿1例[J]. 现代医药卫生, 2017, 33(8):1277-1279.

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1814204, encodeId=bec6181420404, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bfc894603ee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#迟发血肿#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94603, encryptionId=bfc894603ee, topicName=迟发血肿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6779163, createdName=liuhuangbo, createdTime=Wed Jan 23 23:42:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1394927, encodeId=4ef3139492eca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be548989e09' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血肿#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89897, encryptionId=be548989e09, topicName=血肿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=85df2500173, createdName=654699882_84926986, createdTime=Mon Apr 30 07:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1559962, encodeId=68e9155996235, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c1eb9282699' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超声诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92826, encryptionId=c1eb9282699, topicName=超声诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6ebf15056071, createdName=tcm104hq, createdTime=Mon Apr 30 07:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1565971, encodeId=4bb515659e11d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c1eb9282699' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超声诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92826, encryptionId=c1eb9282699, topicName=超声诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6ebf15056071, createdName=tcm104hq, createdTime=Mon Apr 30 07:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=310420, encodeId=170c310420d4, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Apr 29 15:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=310143, encodeId=b4ae31014389, content=学习了谢谢分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Sat Apr 28 16:59:14 CST 2018, time=2018-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-29 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-04-28 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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