HIV研究瞄准合并症风险,常规治疗方案难逃血脂问题

2021-03-22 网络 网络

3月6日-10日,2021 CROI(反转录病毒和机会感染会议)在线上召开。 HIV感染者长期治疗过程中出现的体重增加、血脂异常等合并症问题在会上受到热议。

3月6日-10日,2021 CROI(反转录病毒和机会感染会议)在线上召开。 HIV感染者长期治疗过程中出现的体重增加、血脂异常等合并症问题在会上受到热议。
 
CROI大会是专为HIV及相关领域的基础研究人员和临床工作者提供的科研交流平台,作为HIV领域最重要的行业会议之一,每年的CROI大会都会吸引众多HIV研究领域的权威参与。
 
HIV长期治疗引发慢病负担,血管疾病风险增加
 
提升HIV感染者生存质量一直是医学研究者努力探寻的方向。今年的CROI大会发布了多项关于感染者在长期治疗过程中产生的慢病负担方面研究,主要包括血脂、血压,体重等引起的心血管及代谢性疾病等方面。
 
美国乔治敦大学医学院传染病学部门主任,医学及微生物学教授Princy Kumar在会上公布了一项临床研究,结果显示HIV感染者常见的合并症为高血压、血脂异常和神经精神疾病。其中,接受药物治疗的HIV感染者相比普通人群,发生3项以上并发症的比例是37.2%:31.7%,而发生血脂异常的比例是29.4%:24.6%。[1]
 
另一项关于年龄相关的非AIDS相关合并症(NACM)的研究也表明,相对健康人群来说,HIV感染者或是有感染HIV风险的人群,不论是男性还是女性,NACM的流行情况及共病负担都较严重,包括高血压、神经精神疾病、血脂异常、肝病和骨病。尤其是高血压和血脂异常,HIV长期治疗者发生高血压的比例在男女人群中分别是75%及68%,而发生血脂异常比例则是男性64%及女性41%。[2]
 
两项研究均表明,长期接受抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的HIV感染者更容易出现如高血压、血脂异常等合并症。因此对于医生来说,在HIV感染者长期治疗管理中,应关注合并症问题,降低合并症发生的风险。这对提高HIV感染者生存质量尤为重要。
 
应对HIV患者由于ART药物治疗带来的血脂异常挑战
 
近期一项纳入4577名HIV感染者的临床研究表明,对比非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI),接受含有整合酶抑制剂治疗方案的HIV患者出现血脂异常的风险更高。[3]这也进一步为非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI)在HIV感染者血脂获益方面的优势提供了佐证。
 
以默沙东新一代NNRTI多拉韦林(DOR)为例,三期临床研究DRIVE-AHEAD和DRIVE-FORWARD均表明,多拉韦林在展现出良好的病毒抑制同时,也显示出了稳定血脂,不增加体重,降低心血管疾病发生风险的安全性,从而给HIV感染者带来长期获益。[4]
 
 
图1.  DRIVE-AHEAD 96周研究结果 多拉韦林/拉米夫定/替诺福韦(DOR/3TC/TDF)组与依非韦伦/恩曲他滨/替诺福韦(EFV/FTC/TDF)组在96周时空腹血脂的变化情况。不论是在低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Non-HDL-C)、胆固醇(Cholesterol)还是甘油三酯(Triglycerides),DOR/3TC/TDF均可降低这些指标的水平。(来源:Clin Infect Dis, ciaa822, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa822)
 
 
图2  DRIVE-FORWARD 96周研究结果 在96周时空腹血脂水平的变化情况,蓝色表示多拉韦林组,橙色表示DRV/r(达芦那韦/利托那韦)组。多拉韦林组在低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL cholesterol)、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Non-HDL cholesterol)以及甘油三酯(Triglycerides)的控制方面表现更优。(来源:The Lancet HIV 2019 DOI:10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30336-4)
  
多种HIV治疗方案均会导致患者体重增加
 
以整合酶抑制剂(INSTI)为核心的治疗方案,在病毒抑制、耐药性及用药便利性等方面均显示了其优选性,而成为目前全球大多数国家推荐的一线治疗方案。然而,流行病学资料显示整合酶抑制剂治疗方案与HIV感染者体重显著增加联系紧密,而体重增加导致的肥胖往往是感染者血脂异常及心血管疾病发生的重要原因。[5]
 
一项纳入了7770名接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的HIV感染者的研究表明,基于INSTI的抗逆转录病毒治疗方案与更高的BMI、更高的肥胖风险和更粗的腰围有关。数据指出,基于INSTI抗逆转录病毒治疗方案的HIV感染者的肥胖风险比未使用含有INSTI的抗逆转录病毒治疗方案的HIV感染者高63%,平均腰围比未使用含有INSTI抗逆转录病毒治疗方案的HIV感染者粗3.6cm。[6]
 
BMI(身体质量指数)是衡量是否肥胖的重要标准之一。在本届CROI大会上,另一项关于整合酶抑制剂的研究表明,与3TC(拉米夫定)相比,TAF(富马酸丙酚替诺福韦)和DTG(多替拉韦)联合方案会导致患者BMI上升超过7%。[7]此外,还有一项基于DTG(多替拉韦)和NNRTI(非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂)的对比研究也表明,使用基于DTG(多替拉韦)的治疗方案会显著增加体重。其中,在接受18个月的抗逆转录病毒治疗后,女性体重预估增加6.1kg,男性预估增加4.1kg,明显高于使用含有NNRTI治疗方案的HIV感染者(男性:增加3.6kg;女性:增加2.8kg)。[8]
 
所以,医生在选择HIV抗逆转录病毒治疗方案时,应考虑HIV感染者的体重,预防因药物作用增加体重进而导致的肥胖症,从而降低HIV患者高血压和高血脂等心血管疾病的发生风险,减轻HIV感染者的慢病负担。
 
据了解,多拉韦林是一款创新性的非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂,与整合酶抑制剂和其他非核苷药物相比,在不影响体重的同时,也不会额外引起血脂异常,减少HIV感染者心血管疾病的风险。在国内,多拉韦林单药制剂沛卓®和复方制剂德思卓®(多拉韦林/拉米夫定/替诺福韦)已于2020年获得国家药品监督管理局批准,用于治疗无NNRTI类药物、拉米夫定或替诺福韦病毒耐药性的既往或现有证据的成年患者
 
在本届CROI大会上,默沙东也公布了多拉韦林和在研产品Islatravir的最新数据。
 
其中,多拉韦林联合Islatravir治疗HIV感染进一步显示了其在病毒抑制方面的有效性。此外,IMPAACT研究数据表明,DOR/3TC/TDF(多拉韦林/拉米夫定/替诺福韦)复方制剂在青少年HIV感染者中展现出了极大的安全性和有效性。在12-18岁且体重≥45kg的青少年HIV感染者中,多拉韦林的药代动力学数据与成人一致。总体病毒学效果也与成人中报告的数据一致。[9]  新型核苷类逆转录酶易位抑制剂(NRTTI)Islatravir作为长效暴露前预防药物(PrEP)的亮眼数据也在大会发布。默沙东表示将进一步探索Islatravir皮下植入物作为一种长达12个月PrEP长效方案的潜力。
 
在将艾滋病作为慢性病治疗的今天,除了需要关注药物本身的抗病毒效果,诸如患者体重增加、血脂异常等问题也不能忽视,这样才能进一步降低患者在疾病长期管理中面对的心血管疾病风险,从而提升HIV感染者的生存质量。而当下对血脂问题的热议,正是医学界踏向抗HIV治疗更优解中极为重要的一步。(生物谷 bioon)
 
参考资料:
[1] COMORBIDITY BURDEN IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV IN THE UNITED STATES _ Virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2021
[2] HIV DIFFERENTIALLY IMPACTS AGE-RELATED COMORBIDITY BURDEN AMONG US WOMEN AND MEN _ Virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2021
[3] Byonanebye DM; RESPOND Study Group. Incidence of dyslipidemia in people with HIV who are treated with integrase inhibitors versus other antiretroviral agents. AIDS. 2021 Jan 13. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002811. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33443370.
[4] Molina JM, Squires K, Sax PE, Cahn P, Lombaard J, DeJesus E, Lai MT, Rodgers A, Lupinacci L, Kumar S, Sklar P, Hanna GJ, Hwang C, Martin EA; DRIVE-FORWARD trial group. Doravirine versus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 (DRIVE-FORWARD): 96-week results of a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet HIV. 2020 Jan;7(1):e16-e26. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30336-4. Epub 2019 Nov 15. PMID: 31740348.
[5] Vekic J, Zeljkovic A, Stefanovic A, Jelic-Ivanovic Z, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska V. Obesity and dyslipidemia. Metabolism. 2019 Mar;92:71-81. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.005. Epub 2018 Nov 14. PMID: 30447223.
[6] ASSESSMENT OF OBESITY AND METABOLIC PROFILE BY INTEGRASE INHIBITOR USE IN REPRIEVE _ Virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2021 (002)

[7] ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NEWER ANTIRETROVIRALS AND INCREASE IN BODY MASS INDEX IN RESPOND _ Virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2021 (002)
[8] WEIGHT GAIN AMONG PARTICIPANTS STARTING DOLUTEGRAVIR-BASED HIV REGIMEN IN KENYA _ Virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2021 (002)
[9] IMPAACT 2014 24-WEEK PK AND SAFETY OF DORAVIRINE_3TC_TDF IN ADOLESCENTS WITH HIV-1 _ Virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2021 (002)

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