先天性脊柱侧凸伴右位心1例

2018-04-04 胡鉴瑜 欧云生 杜兴 中国矫形外科杂志

患者,女,16岁,因“活动后气促10余年,发现脊柱侧凸8余年”入本院。

【一般资料】

患者,女,16岁

【主诉】

因“活动后气促10余年,发现脊柱侧凸8余年”入本院。

【现病史】

患者诉自幼即出现活动后气促、胸闷,偶有呼吸困难,休息约5~10min后可好转,未予重视及治疗。8余年前,因咳嗽于当地医院就诊,查体及相关辅助检查示脊柱侧凸畸形伴右位心,当时医院建议手术,但患者家属因经济原因未予处理。此后患者脊柱侧凸畸形逐渐加重,活动后气促频率增加,持续时间延长,休息后缓解不明显。

【体格检查】

体重41kg,身高152.5CM。心律齐,心音听诊位于右侧胸廓,未闻及病理性杂音。脊柱呈“S”型侧凸,胸段凸向右侧,左肩稍高,左肩胛骨向后突起,右侧轻度“剃刀背”畸形。全身未见明显咖啡斑、色素沉着、异常毛发生长等。

【辅助检查】

心脏彩超示:心脏切面于胸骨右缘探及,心尖偏右,某些切面,左心在左,右心在右;左室收缩功能测定:左室短轴缩短率FS:37%,左室射血分数EF:67%,余未见异常(图1a)。心电图示:右位心心电图。肺功能提示:重度混合型通气功能障碍,残气量占肺总量显著增高。胸部CT提示:纵隔心影位于右侧,右位心(图1b)。脊柱全长正侧位+Bending位X线片提示:主胸弯上端椎为T8,下端椎为L1,顶椎为L11,稳定椎为L2,主胸弯Cobb角48°,腰弯为代偿弯,Risser征4级(图1c)。颈胸腰椎MRI:椎管通畅,未发现明显脊髓异常(图1d)。胸腰椎CT:胸腰椎呈“S”侧弯畸形,T2、T9椎体楔形椎,右位心(图1e)。结合上述资料,患者诊断为:(1)先天性脊柱侧凸;(2)T2、T9楔形椎;(3)右旋性右位心;(4)重度混合型通气功能障碍。经胸外科、心内科、呼吸内科、麻醉科会诊联合评估脊柱手术风险,考虑到患者心功能正常,且不合并心血管畸形、内脏转位等,因此无明显手术禁忌。患者入院后积极锻炼肺功能(如吹气球训练)的同时,予以骨盆头环牵引治疗(骨盆牵引重量8kg,头环牵引重量4kg),2周后在全麻下行“后路脊柱畸形矫形内固定术(T6~L2)”。术中于T6~L2置入椎弓根螺钉,应用旋棒技术矫正脊柱侧凸畸形,行T6~L2节段的后侧植骨,术毕切口内置引流管2根。患者术后恢复好,术后第4d拔除引流管后佩戴支具下床活动,术后第8d顺利出院。术后查体示:身高156CM,较术前增高3.5CM。术后3个月,复查脊柱全长正侧位X线片示:内固定在位,无脱落及断裂(图1f)。





【讨论】

右位心是指心脏的主要部分位于右侧胸腔,心脏的长轴指向右侧的一种心脏位置异常,根据右位心在胸腔中的位置及形态,将其分为三类,即镜像右位心、右旋性右位心和心脏右移,其中,镜像右位心及右旋性右位心合称为先天性右位心,文献报道其约占先天性心脏病患者的0.5%。镜像右位心患者的心脏在胸腔的右侧,其心房、心室和大血管的位置宛如正常心脏的镜中像,左心在右,右心在左,也称为真性右位心(图2a)。镜像右位心本身并不引起明显的血流动力学改变,多数患者无明显临床症状,但可能同时合并先天性心血管畸形或内脏器官转位,若合并全内脏转位,查体可见心尖搏动和心脏浊音区位于右胸,肝浊音区在左侧,胃底鼓音区在右侧,同时,由于内脏器官转位及镜像右位心的原因,其脏器病变反映出来的临床症状、体征及部位与正常位置左右相反。右旋性右位心简称右旋心,是心脏以人体的前后线为轴(矢状轴)旋转的结果,故左房左室仍在左侧,右房右室仍在右侧,心脏右位并右旋,心腔间的关系并未形成镜像倒转,也称为假性右位心(图2b),目前认为其发生多系胎儿的心脏在母体内发育有缺陷和部分停顿,引起胚胎期心血管的扭曲生长和旋转异常所致。右旋性右位心多伴有其他心血管畸形,如法洛四联症等,文献报道其发生率可高达80%以上。然而,若右旋性右位心患者未合并其他先天性心血管畸形,则心脏血流动力学及心功能可完全正常,临床无任何表现。心脏右移系因心外因素所致的心脏位置异常,它与右旋性右位心的区别在于前者仅有心脏异位而无旋转(图2c)。导致心脏右移的因素包括胸膜、肺及隔肌疾患,如左侧隔肌膨出、右肺发育不全、脊柱或胸骨畸形等。此型在临床上较为少见,患者亦无心脏血管畸形及相应体征,除去原发病因后心脏可复位到正常位置。临床上先天性脊柱侧凸并不少见,根据脊柱发育异常特点将先天性脊柱侧凸分为三型:I型为椎体形成障碍型;Ⅱ型为椎体分节不良型;Ⅲ型为混合型(即两种畸形都有)。目前普遍认为先天性脊柱侧凸是由于胚胎期中轴骨发育障碍引起的脊柱畸形,其发病同时受到环境因素、维生素缺乏及化学物质和有毒药物等其他因素直接或间接的影响。基于三胚层理论,循环系统如心脏、血管及在心脏和血管中流动的血液,骨骼和肌肉构成的运动系统以及脊髓均由中胚层发育而来,由此,可以推论先天性脊柱侧凸发病相关因素可能会同时影响心脏的发育,从而导致患者合并先天性心血管畸形。部分文献指出脊柱侧凸的患者合并心脏异常的发生率较高,郭立琳等报道了先天性脊柱侧凸患者合并心脏结构异常的发生率达21.6%,先天性心血管畸形的发生率高达8.4%,包括房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、法洛四联症等,但未报道右位心病例。kawakami等分析了680例因先天性心脏病行手术治疗的患者,结果显示共有74例患者(10.9%)合并脊柱侧凸。即使是病因仍不明确的特发性脊柱侧凸仍具有较高的先天性心脏病的发生率,王杨等对719例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的心脏异常发生率进行回顾性分析,结果发现青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的患者先天性心脏病发生率为4.59%,且不同性别、弯型分组之间的先天性心脏病发生率无显著性差异。本病例胸腰椎CT可见T2及T9为楔形椎,且相邻椎间隙狭窄,存在椎体形成缺陷,故诊断先天性脊柱侧凸;患者心脏位于右侧胸腔,心尖朝右,心脏彩超示左心在左,右心在右,故诊断右旋性右位心。结合既往文献分析,作者认为先天性脊柱侧凸和先天性右位心之间可能存在遗传学联系,然而,目前关于脊柱侧凸合并右位心的文献报道较少,且未进行系统的论述。在临床工作中,脊柱侧凸合并右位心、全内脏转位的诊断并不困难,关键在于要认识到这些可能同时存在。另外对于此类病例,应进行全面的体格及辅助检查,注意有无合并其他脏器畸形,并需要对整个神经系统进行影像学评估了解有无脊髓畸形,以防止矫形过程中发生神经系统并发症。在手术治疗上,由于脊柱侧凸后路矫形手术操作过程不涉及胸腔、腹腔,对患者心脏及内脏器官的影响较小,同时,右位心本身也并不会引起明显的血流动力学变化,因此,右位心患者在行后路脊柱矫形术时,医生更应该关注的是其合并的心脏血管畸形及其伴发疾患,部分心脏异常可能严重影响脊柱手术安全性,需要在脊柱矫形术前先行心脏干预手术。临床医师应注意加强对患者心脏功能、围手术期心血管系统并发症等方面的关注。合并内脏转位的脊柱侧凸在后路手术上并无特殊,但是前路手术要考虑到内脏的左右反位,选择合适的手术入路并考虑到内脏转位对于手术操作的影响。综上所述,先天性脊柱侧凸患者常伴有心脏异常,心脏存在异常是增加先天性脊柱侧凸患者围手术期风险的重要因素,因此,脊柱侧凸患者术前应积极完善相关检查,充分评估患者心脏功能及手术耐受性,由于先天性脊柱侧凸合并右位心的病例数较少,尚需进一步积累经验,以进一步探讨脊柱侧弯矫形术对患者心功能的影响以及手术的安全性。



原始出处:

胡鉴瑜, 欧云生, 杜兴, 等. 先天性脊柱侧凸伴右位心1例及相关文献回顾. 《中国矫形外科杂志》2018年第03期

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    2018-04-25 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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    2018-04-08 秀红

    学习了

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    2018-04-06 2227437833_79976374

    6666666

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    2018-04-06 huirong
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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1776598, encodeId=dcc91e76598d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd5884511ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊柱侧凸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84511, encryptionId=cd5884511ca, topicName=脊柱侧凸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Tue May 29 02:12:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=309162, encodeId=29573091627e, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Wed Apr 25 12:19:08 CST 2018, time=2018-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303921, encodeId=6d1a303921b2, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/01/15/8213228fe923915543544ad3da7e1c64.jpg, createdBy=6bd82014262, createdName=秀红, createdTime=Sun Apr 08 14:24:53 CST 2018, time=2018-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303271, encodeId=1c5f3032e1c2, content=6666666, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/07/8c1e5a0085f3b74f3a4ab58a38a3d487.jpg, createdBy=b33e2159612, createdName=2227437833_79976374, createdTime=Fri Apr 06 10:41:21 CST 2018, time=2018-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1369357, encodeId=5283136935ef5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc9f28589d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28589, encryptionId=bc9f28589d0, topicName=先天性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Fri Apr 06 10:12:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502836, encodeId=13a5150283602, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cc7738584e7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#右位心#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38584, encryptionId=cc7738584e7, topicName=右位心)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2ab19558182, createdName=zhlpower, createdTime=Fri Apr 06 10:12:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303160, encodeId=fce830316010, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Apr 06 06:19:13 CST 2018, time=2018-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-06 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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1 腰椎椎间盘突出症手术治疗 ✦保守治疗3月了吗? 大多数(70%)椎间盘突出患者保守治疗3月后,症状可完全消失。 手术适应证:①病史超过三个月,严格保守治疗无效或保守治疗有效,但经常复发且疼痛较重者;②首次发作,但疼痛剧烈,尤以下肢症状明显,患者难以行动和入眠,处于强迫体位者;③合并马尾神经受压表现;④出现单神经根麻痹,伴有肌肉萎缩、肌力下降;⑤合并椎管狭窄者。 2 腰椎间盘突出症融合手术