小儿脑髓鞘的正常发育

2021-10-29 医学影像服务中心 医学影像服务中心

磁共振成像是目前对小儿脑髓鞘发育无创评估的最佳方法。小儿髓鞘形成过程比较复杂,必须了解髓鞘形成及其MRI影像表现。

*张金玲 靳翠翠 赵德利

哈尔滨医科大学附属第六医院

*哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院

 

磁共振成像是评估脑髓鞘化最好的无创方式。常规T1和T2加权是对中枢神经系统髓鞘形成进行评估所必需的序列。了解MR成像中髓鞘形成的进展,在诊断小儿疾病包括白质营养不良、髓鞘发育不良和获得性脱髓鞘疾病是至关重要的。

 

图1.髓鞘示意图

 

髓鞘是神经元的重要组成部分,髓鞘包裹轴突由郎飞结分割成片段(图1)。

 

图2.髓鞘形成过程特点

髓鞘的形成是一个动态的过程特点,脑白质各部分的成熟和髓鞘形成是有先后顺序的,脑白质髓鞘化的顺序是从脑的尾侧向头侧,从背侧向腹侧,先中央后外周,感觉纤维早于运动纤维(图2)。

 

图3A.新生儿出生就已经髓鞘化的结构(T1)

图3B.新生儿出生就已经髓鞘化的结构(T2)

 

新生儿出生就已经髓鞘化形成的结构,表现为T1高信号T2低信号(图3A,B),包括内囊后肢、丘脑腹外侧、脑桥背侧、小脑上下脚、大脑脚、放射冠中央、中央回周围。

 

图4. 小儿 4个月的髓鞘

小儿4个月髓鞘的图像。4个月,内囊前肢T1上的轻微高信号,中央放射冠和半卵圆中心髓鞘增厚,胼胝体的压部髓鞘化。内囊的前肢在T2上没有髓鞘化的表现(图4)。

 

图5.小儿6个月的髓鞘

小儿6个月髓鞘的图像。6个月,髓鞘在中央白质,特别是在半卵中心和放射冠区域有大量增加。髓鞘形成在T1最明显,在T2滞后,内囊的前肢有一个轻微的T2低信号,胼胝体髓鞘增厚(图5)。

 

图6.小儿9个月的髓鞘

小儿9个月髓鞘的图像。9个月,T2髓鞘白质信号逐渐变低,内囊的前肢可见T2髓鞘化。T1髓鞘化进一步增厚、扩大(图6)。

 

图7.小儿12个月的髓鞘

小儿12个月髓鞘的图像。12个月,T1髓鞘形成基本完成,T2在半卵圆中心、放射冠以及胼胝体和内囊中有进一步的髓鞘增厚,额叶和颞叶仍然有相当数量的无髓鞘化白质(图7)。

 

图8.小儿18个月的髓鞘(T1)

小儿18月T1髓鞘的图像。18个月,T1髓鞘完整,外观与12个月时相似。中央和深部白质进一步增厚和“膨胀”(图8)。

 

图9.小儿18个月的 髓鞘(T2)

小儿18个月T2髓鞘。T2除额下叶和颞叶以及周围区髓鞘终末区外,几乎有完整的髓鞘形成,如图9。

 

图10. 小儿2岁的髓鞘

小儿2岁髓鞘的图像。2岁,T1和T2上的髓鞘形成完成,侧脑室旁、额下叶和颞叶可有部分T2高信号残留(图10)。

 

图11.小儿3岁的髓鞘

小儿3岁髓鞘的图像。3岁,T1加权和T2加权序列上,髓鞘是完整的和成人样的外观(图11)。

 

图12.轴向和冠状T2加权序列显示正常的髓鞘终末区

轴向和冠状T2加权序列显示正常的髓鞘终末区(黑色箭头)。这些区域通常位于后脑室周围区域以及额颞叶皮层下区域(图12)。

 

记忆对照卡片1: 胼胝体髓鞘形成

胼胝体髓鞘形成的图像。矢状T1加权序列显示胼胝体正常发育。(B) 4个月;(C) 6个月;(D) 16个月(见记忆卡片1)。

 

记忆对照卡片2: T2正常髓鞘形成进展

T2正常髓鞘形成进展。MR成像从出生(足月新生儿)到2岁正常髓鞘形成的T2加权序列(见记忆卡片2)。

 

记忆对照卡片3: T1正常髓鞘形成进展

T1正常髓鞘形成进展。MR成像从出生(足月新生儿)到2岁正常髓鞘形成的T1加权序列(见记忆卡片3)。

 

磁共振成像是目前对小儿脑髓鞘发育无创评估的最佳方法。小儿髓鞘形成过程比较复杂,必须了解髓鞘形成及其MRI影像表现。此外,胼胝体发育的正常进展及对髓鞘形成的正常终末区的识别,牢记并收藏记忆卡片对于理解小儿脑髓鞘发育至关重要。

 

文献来源:Branson, HM; Normal myelination: a practical pictorial review.[J].Neuroimaging Clin N Am.2013,23(2):183-95.

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    2021-10-31 neurowu
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1755095, encodeId=bc021e5509540, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1011021391e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#髓鞘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102139, encryptionId=d1011021391e, topicName=髓鞘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f28436833652, createdName=xiaogang329, createdTime=Fri Nov 12 11:17:40 CST 2021, time=2021-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1994486, encodeId=e0c019944869b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b6e463201d4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#正常发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63201, encryptionId=b6e463201d4, topicName=正常发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d59291, createdName=xjy02, createdTime=Thu Oct 13 12:17:40 CST 2022, time=2022-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347586, encodeId=420e134e5867b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Sun Oct 31 08:17:40 CST 2021, time=2021-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1065296, encodeId=18421065296cf, content=好,受教了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=504a5679841, createdName=ms3000000118137425, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 16:15:14 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1065294, encodeId=669d1065294fe, content=好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e19e5634404, createdName=ms6000001472690355, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 15:49:27 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-30 ms3000000118137425

    好,受教了。

    0

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    2021-10-30 ms6000001472690355

    好,学习了

    0

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