Nature:破解免疫治疗耐药性!哈佛科学家找到了肿瘤对免疫检查点抑制剂耐药的关键基因,免疫治疗疗效有望全面提升

2018-12-31 奇点糕 奇点网

当下免疫治疗热,越来越多的企业参与到免疫治疗药物的研发中,截止目前我国已经有4款免疫检查点抑制剂获批治疗癌症。

当下免疫治疗热,越来越多的企业参与到免疫治疗药物的研发中,截止目前我国已经有4款免疫检查点抑制剂获批治疗癌症。

遗憾的是,大部分人却无法从免疫治疗中获益,或者获益有限。

这个问题存在的原因,一方面是肿瘤可能还存在其他抑制免疫系统的方式,使得免疫治疗药物无法起作用。另一方面还在于肿瘤进化出了耐药机制,使得药物的效果大打折扣,甚至直接失效。

目前,人们对免疫检查点抑制剂的耐药性问题还束手无策。随着免疫治疗的快速普及,这个问题在未来可能会愈发严重。

最近,哈佛大学的W. Nicholas Haining博士率领的研究团队发现,将肿瘤的ADAR1基因敲除后,便能大幅增强肿瘤对免疫治疗药物的敏感性,克服了肿瘤对免疫治疗的耐药性。

这个发现对于克服当前面临的免疫治疗耐药性问题,具有重要的指导意义。这项研究发表在顶级学术期刊《自然》上。


W. Nicholas Haining博士

免疫系统在对肿瘤发起攻击时,首先要对肿瘤进行识别,这需要有肿瘤抗原的存在。肿瘤抗原包括肿瘤在癌变过程中产生的新抗原,以及肿瘤异常表达或过表达的抗原物质。这些抗原可以是蛋白抗原,也可以是肿瘤特异的核酸,包括DNA和RNA。

患者在接受免疫治疗的过程中,往往会出现抗原丢失的现象,使得免疫系统不能对其进行识别,进而无法引发免疫反应。这是肿瘤对免疫治疗产生耐药性的重要原因。

寻找背后的耐药机制,对于让患者从免疫治疗中获益有极大的帮助。


肿瘤免疫反应

2017年, W. Nicholas Haining团队通过CRISPR技术对潜在的免疫治疗新靶点进行了大规模筛选,鉴定出了很多与肿瘤免疫相关的基因,这项研究发表在《自然》上。

在这些基因中,有一个叫ADAR1的基因表现尤为突出。当将肿瘤的ADAR1基因敲除后,耐药的肿瘤便能响应免疫治疗药物了。

其实人们对于ADAR1基因早有研究。

ADAR1基因编码的ADAR1蛋白是一个双链RNA(dsRNA)编辑酶,它能将dsRNA上的腺嘌呤(A)转化为次黄嘌呤(I),而次黄嘌呤又会被“误”认作鸟嘌呤(G)。也就是说,ADAR1蛋白具有改变dsRNA序列的作用。

前面我们提到过,核酸也可以作为抗原,被免疫系统识别,其中就包括dsRNA。

当dsRNA被一些感知蛋白(如PKR、MDA5等)识别后,这些蛋白在IFN的刺激下,会激活大量基因的表达,引发免疫反应。

但是,如果dsRNA的序列被ADAR1蛋白改变,则可能使识别蛋白无法再感知它们,进而就无法激活相关的基因表达了。简单来说,就是ADAR1蛋白会阻断IFN信号通路。

ADAR1蛋白的这种功能其实为了防止正常细胞被免疫细胞攻击,以免发生自身免疫疾病。


ADAR1蛋白的作用

然而,和PD-1和CTLA4这两个免疫检查点一样,ADAR1蛋白的这种免疫调节功能可能被肿瘤利用。

因为IFN信号通路在肿瘤免疫中也发挥着重要作用。IFN能激活NK细胞的毒活性,激活肿瘤特异性T细胞,诱导T细胞释放穿孔素、颗粒酶等杀伤肿瘤细胞,增强抗原呈递作用等等。

若IFN信号通路被阻断,肿瘤就可能抵抗免疫系统的攻击,使得免疫治疗失效。

事实上,肿瘤并没有放过这个机会。W. Nicholas Haining团队证实ADAR1基因赋予了肿瘤细胞对免疫治疗的耐药性。

他们将ADAR1敲除的肿瘤细胞移植到小鼠体内后,发现肿瘤能很好地响应免疫治疗药物,炎症反应更强,且肿瘤几乎完全消失。与此相反,未敲除ADAR1基因的肿瘤则对免疫治疗没有响应。


ADAR1基因敲除后,再进行免疫治疗,肿瘤几乎被完全消灭

随后,研究人员对浸润肿瘤的免疫细胞进行了单细胞测序,发现在敲除ADAR1基因的肿瘤组织中,几乎所有类型免疫细胞的IFN反应都变强了。

并且,对比ADAR1功能缺陷的肿瘤,ADAR1基因功能正常的肿瘤中发生了大量的dsRNA编辑现象。

此外,在进行免疫治疗后,在ADAR1功能缺陷的肿瘤中,在IFN的刺激下,PKR蛋白(一种dsRNA识别蛋白)下游基因的表达明显提高,而这些基因的表达会抑制肿瘤细胞的生长。同时,MDA5蛋白(识别dsRNA的蛋白)的下游基因也被激活表达,这些基因能引发炎症反应。

这表明,在肿瘤中ADAR1蛋白确实会通过编辑dsRNA阻断免疫细胞的IFN信号通路。而将肿瘤ADAR1基因敲除后,再进行免疫治疗时,IFN信号通路便能被激活,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,并引发炎症反应。


ADAR对干扰素通路的影响

后面,研究者们进一步扩展了这个发现的意义。

他们将ADAR1缺失的肿瘤细胞的β-2-微球蛋白编码基因——B2M基因敲除,使得CD8+T细胞无法识别肿瘤细胞,然后将这种肿瘤移植进小鼠体内。给小鼠注射肿瘤疫苗和PD-1抑制剂。发现在没有CD8+T细胞识别的情况下,肿瘤中干扰素信号非常强烈,而且发生了明显的免疫反应。

这表明,在进行免疫治疗时,CD8+T细胞对肿瘤的识别作用并不是必需的。即使抗原呈递过程缺失,只要肿瘤中的IF信号能引起足够强的炎症反应,就能起到治疗肿瘤的效果。

这对于治疗抗原呈递过程缺失的肿瘤,尤其是那些没有CD8+T细胞浸润的肿瘤,可能具有普遍的意义。

原始出处:Jeffrey J. Ishizuka, Robert T. Manguso, Collins K. Cheruiyot, et al. Loss of ADAR1 in tumours overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. Nature (2018) 

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    2019-09-29 liye789132251
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    2019-01-06 kafei

    学习学习谢谢

    0

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    2019-01-02 amyloid
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    2018-12-31 内科新手

    谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多

    0

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屋尘螨(DP)和热带无爪螨(BT)是热带气候中最明显的室内尘螨,并能够诱导过敏性疾病。然而,是否DP皮下免疫治疗(SCIT)的效果在对DP敏感或者对DP和BT都敏感的患者中效果相似还是未知。最近,有研究人员对上述问题进行了探究,研究包括了95名(5-17岁)哮喘携带鼻炎的儿童,并且对DP和BT均敏感,且已经接受了3年的DP-SCIT治疗。在DP-SCIT治疗过程中,研究人员评估了临床症状和药物评分

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol:经历过敏原特异性免疫治疗过敏性鼻炎患者的味觉评估

最近,有研究人员评估了患有就行过敏性鼻炎(AR)患者在过敏原特异性免疫治疗(AIT)前后的味觉功能情况。研究是一个前瞻性的临床研究,在研究人员所在三级保健医院中进行。研究包括了21名在身体检查、皮刺测试至少HDM过敏原3星级以及接受AIT治疗的诊断为永久性AR的患者。研究同时包括了21名对照参与者,他们也是过敏性鼻炎患者,但是给予的是鼻用皮质类固醇(INS)治疗。研究总共包括了42名参与者,平均年

Semin Arthritis Rheu:免疫检查点抑制剂诱导的炎性关节炎临床表现因免疫治疗方案而异

这些数据表明,不同的ICI方案可能会出现不同的IA表型。

高志良教授:乙肝肝衰有时相,免疫治疗分时机

在2018年版肝衰竭诊疗指南公布之时,我们有幸采访了作为新版指南撰写专家之一的广州中山大学附属第三医院高志良教授,请他就乙肝肝衰竭患者的免疫状态变化及相应治疗策略等发表看法。

Cell:厉害了陈列平教授!陈列平团队发现一条全新肿瘤免疫抑制通路,免疫治疗领域迎来又一重磅靶点

近日,著名华人科学家陈列平教授领导的团队发现,肿瘤能通过一条全新的通路抑制免疫系统,完成免疫逃逸。肿瘤偷偷踩住了免疫系统另一个刹车,而这种现象在多种癌症中都存在。

CLIN CANCER RES:限制膳食蛋白可以改变肿瘤相关巨噬细胞功能并增强免疫治疗效果

饮食和健康的体重是降低癌症发病率和死亡率的有效手段。然而,饮食改变对肿瘤微环境和抗肿瘤免疫的影响尚未明确。免疫抑制性肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)与不良临床结局相关,并且可通过饮食干预进行改变。CLIN CANCER RES近期发表了一篇文章,研究限制饮食蛋白是否可以调整巨噬细胞功能,使其想抗肿瘤表型转变。