J Arthroplasty:髋关节置换联合Chiari骨盆截骨重建髋臼

2013-01-16 J Arthroplasty CMT

    摘要:两例患者的3髋行非骨水泥全髋置换术,术中联合Chiari骨盆截骨术重建髋臼。该术式增加了臼杯的骨性覆盖面,使髋关节中心内移,减轻髋关节负荷。使用臼杯螺钉固定截骨块。包括接触面小的病例在内,未发现截骨块不愈合。术后1年随访无脱位。研究表明,该术式或许能有效处理严重髋关节发育不良和翻修手术[JOA,2012年第4期]。   严重髋关节发育不良及髋臼边缘缺损的髋臼重建需要权衡以下因

    摘要:两例患者的3髋行非骨水泥全髋置换术,术中联合Chiari骨盆截骨术重建髋臼。该术式增加了臼杯的骨性覆盖面,使髋关节中心内移,减轻髋关节负荷。使用臼杯螺钉固定截骨块。包括接触面小的病例在内,未发现截骨块不愈合。术后1年随访无脱位。研究表明,该术式或许能有效处理严重髋关节发育不良和翻修手术[JOA,2012年第4期]。

  严重髋关节发育不良及髋臼边缘缺损的髋臼重建需要权衡以下因素:为臼杯提供足够的骨性覆盖以及将其安放在合适的解剖部位。为满足这些条件,涌现出多种手术技术,包括大块股骨头自体移植[1,2]、髋关节中心抬高[3,4]以及增强环[5]等。 

  Chiari[6]报告骨盆内移截骨术治疗年轻髋关节发育不良患者。该术式将髋关节中心内移,从而增加股骨头的骨性覆盖,降低髋关节周围负荷。我们在严重髋关节发育不良患者接受翻修手术时应用此方法,行非骨水泥全髋关节置换术。  

  病例1 

  女性患者,63岁,身高149 cm,体重54 kg,步行时右髋剧烈疼痛。X线显示双髋关节脱位伴退行性骨性关节炎[Crowe分型:右侧Ⅲ型;左侧Ⅲ型(图1A)]。 右髋关节行全髋关节置换术,联合Chiari骨盆截骨术重建髋臼(图1B)。为增加稳定性,加用皮质骨螺钉固定截骨块。由于软组织过松,低位固定大粗隆而不是原位固定。术后X线显示截骨块接触面积小。手术时间为175分钟,术中出血量为850 ml。由于固定并不稳定,患者初次负重时间延迟至术后6周。术后1年截骨处完全融合,未见髋臼假体松动。患者对手术效果满意,左髋关节行同样手术治疗(图1C)。手术时间为145分钟,术中出血量为660 ml。左髋术后3月患者步行时无疼痛。 

  

  图1. A,术前X线片显示双侧Crowe Ⅲ型髋关节发育不良。B,右髋术后X线片:截骨块接触面小;双下肢不等长加重。C,左髋术后X线片:臼杯外翻角略陡,双下肢不等长情况改善;截骨区域骨性融合,未见髋臼假体松动。 

  病例2

  女性患者,58岁,身高154 cm,体重38 kg,曾因囊内股骨颈骨折在外院行半髋置换。术后行走时腹股沟疼痛逐年加重。术后9年来我院就诊。体格检查示右腹股沟处压痛,患肢短缩。X线片显示人工股骨头半脱位,髋臼边缘缺损,上缘硬化(图2A)。获取患者此前住院的所有X线片。半髋置换术后髋臼假体的中心边缘角为0°,术后即刻拍片示外翻角为48°。初次术后7年中,右髋关节间隙逐渐变小;随着髋臼边缘缺损,股骨头逐渐出现半脱位。按照日本骨科协会(Japan orthopaedic asscociation,JOA)标准,术前髋关节分数为48分[7]。患者行全髋置换术,联合Chiari骨盆截骨重建髋臼(图2B)。手术时间为130分钟,术中出血量为500 ml。术后一年髋关节JOA评分为79分。截骨区域有骨化和骨痂(图2C)。未见截骨块移位和髋臼松动。术后18月在未使用手杖的情况下,患者步行时无疼痛。患者术后未发生关节脱位。

  

  

  图2. A,人工股骨头半脱位,髋臼外缘磨损,接触面硬化。未见假体柄松动。B,术后X线片:截骨处经臼杯和螺钉固定良好;截骨块充分接触。肢体不等长改善。C,术后1年X线片: 截骨块已骨性融合;未见髋臼和假体柄松动。 

  

  讨论  

  髋关节发育不良和髋臼边缘严重缺损的处理策略很多,包括大块股骨头自体移植[1,2],髋关节中心抬高[3,4]以及增强环[5]。为了调整第一个病例的软组织平衡,要在尽可能高的位置行股骨颈截骨,但因切下的股骨头太小而无法加强髋臼植骨。如果能够实现大块股骨头自体植骨,同时髋臼假体内移安装,也可获得满意的临床效果。第二个病例采用髋关节中心抬高可能获得臼杯的充分覆盖。然而,这种手术需要小臼杯,更薄的聚乙烯内衬,并导致肢体缩短。该病例的另一种选择是增强环。  

  一些外科医师,包括Chiari,在髋关节发育不良患者实施全髋置换术时行骨盆内移截骨[8,9]。Hirata等[9]报道一组病例,纳入9位患者(10髋),行骨水泥型全髋关节置换,同时行Chiari骨盆截骨(平均随访4.6年)。本研究提示即使没有骨水泥截骨位置也可获得骨性愈合,因为髋臼假体可以像钢板一样固定截骨部位。 

  考虑到手术过程,应在尽可能高的位置行股骨颈截骨,以调整调整软组织平衡。事实上,为了达到软组织平衡,必须低位固定大粗隆。我们准备了特殊的假体柄以调整偏移距。术中于假臼下缘2 mm行骨盆截骨,以保留骨性髋臼缘。使用Tuku骨锯(英国萨里Finsbury骨科有限公司)向上内10°~15°截骨。注意避免骨锯进入坐骨切迹上方区域。将髋臼锉中心置于髋臼外缘下方,而不是对准假臼中心。Kirshner钢丝临时固定截骨处,髋臼锉持续研磨,直至髋臼锉匹配重建髋臼的边缘。将髋臼假体置于最佳位置,不需要压配合,远近截骨块各打入髋臼螺钉将其于固定。 

  该术式能确保髋臼假体有足够的自身骨覆盖,通过髋关节中心内移和重建骨量来降低髋关节反应性应力,减轻骨量丢失。缺点包括技术复杂、手术时间长以及截骨进入盆腔的危险。然而,使用Tuku骨锯能够减少截骨进入盆腔的风险。锯片环形运动可以有效切割骨骼而非软组织。我们认为需要使用小臼杯和大块骨移植的患者是该术式的适应证之一,尽管仍需要内置臼杯。 

  我们未曾发现联合Chiari骨盆截骨重建髋臼行非骨水泥髋关节置换的报道,但仍需进行大样本的长期随访研究。本研究认为该术式有效处理髋关节发育不良和翻修手术。

  

  (霍建忠 翻译,刘强 审校)



Abstract 
We performed cementless total hip arthroplasty combined with acetabular reconstruction with Chiari pelvic osteotomy on 3 hips in 2 patients. This procedure increased the osseous coverage of the shell and decreased the load around the hip by medialization of the hip center. Osteosynthesis of the proximal and distal bone fragment was performed using a shell with screws. Nonunion between the proximal and distal fragments was not noticed to include the case with small contact area. Postoperative dislocation had not occurred in these cases as of 1 year after surgery. This method may be an effective solution for severe dysplasia and revision surgery                  

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    2013-12-26 爆笑小医
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    2013-12-12 yxch48
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    2013-01-18 zhaojie88