PNAS:首次发现哺乳动物大脑中存在内源性抗生素

2013-05-10 davidtower 51atgc

在一项发表在 PNAS 上的新研究中,卢森堡大学的科学家首次发现哺乳动物大脑中的免疫细胞---巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞---能够产生一种阻止细菌生长的物质,即衣康酸(itaconic acid)。在此之前,生物学家们一直认为只有某些真菌(如土曲霉)能够产生衣康酸。研究人员表示,这是一个突破性的发现,他们首次证实大脑中存在内源性抗生素。人们对大脑中免疫反应知之甚少。此前研究人员猜测免疫系统与帕金森病之间

在一项发表在 PNAS 上的新研究中,卢森堡大学的科学家首次发现哺乳动物大脑中的免疫细胞---巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞---能够产生一种阻止细菌生长的物质,即衣康酸(itaconic acid)。在此之前,生物学家们一直认为只有某些真菌(如土曲霉)能够产生衣康酸。
研究人员表示,这是一个突破性的发现,他们首次证实大脑中存在内源性抗生素。人们对大脑中免疫反应知之甚少。此前研究人员猜测免疫系统与帕金森病之间存在关联,那么当大脑产生免疫反应时,大脑中会发生什么呢?
基于这个目的,研究人员让体外培养的小胶质细胞(大脑中的免疫细胞)与特定的细菌细胞膜组分相接触。这些小胶质细胞产生免疫反应并产生多种混合在一起的代谢产物。
研究人员随后分析了这种混合物。通过更加密切的研究,他们发现所产生的衣康酸水平增加了。研究人员表示,衣康酸在塑料生产发挥着关键性作用。工业生物反应器利用真菌大量地生产这个物质。发现哺乳动物细胞也能够合成衣康酸确实令人大感意外。
然而,人们之前并不知道哺乳动物细胞如何能够合成这种化合物。通过将真菌酶序列与人蛋白序列进行比较,研究人员鉴定出一个人类基因IRG1(immunoresponsive gene 1),它编码一个类似于真菌中的蛋白。研究人员表示,当谈及IRG1时,这在很大程度上仍是个未知领域。
为此,研究人员在细胞培养物中关闭基因IRG1和将这个基因导入正常条件下不表达它的细胞中。这些实验证实在哺乳动物中,基因IRG1编码一种衣康酸合成酶(itaconic acid-producing enzyme)。但是为何是这样呢?当诸如巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞之类的免疫细胞吞噬细菌以便阻止它们感染时,这些细菌通常能够利用一种特殊的被称作乙醛酸旁路(glyoxylate shunt)的代谢途径而在宿主体内存活下来。研究人员表示,巨噬细胞产生衣康酸的目的在于阻止这种细菌存活策略。”
衣康酸抑制这种乙醛酸旁路中的第一个关键性的酶,即异柠檬酸裂解酶(isocitrate lyase)。问题是巨噬细胞如何部分抑制细菌生长以便促进先天性免疫反应和消化它们摄取的细菌。

Abstract
Immunoresponsive gene 1 (Irg1) is highly expressed in mammalian macrophages during inflammation, but its biological function has not yet been elucidated. Here, we identify Irg1 as the gene coding for an enzyme producing itaconic acid (also known as methylenesuccinic acid) through the decarboxylation of cis-aconitate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate. Using a gain-and-loss-of-function approach in both mouse and human immune cells, we found Irg1 expression levels correlating with the amounts of itaconic acid, a metabolite previously proposed to have an antimicrobial effect. We purified IRG1 protein and identified its cis-aconitate decarboxylating activity in an enzymatic assay. Itaconic acid is an organic compound that inhibits isocitrate lyase, the key enzyme of the glyoxylate shunt, a pathway essential for bacterial growth under specific conditions. Here we show that itaconic acid inhibits the growth of bacteria expressing isocitrate lyase, such as Salmonella enterica and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Furthermore, Irg1 gene silencing in macrophages resulted in significantly decreased intracellular itaconic acid levels as well as significantly reduced antimicrobial activity during bacterial infections. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IRG1 links cellular metabolism with immune defense by catalyzing itaconic acid production.

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    2014-02-08 drwjr
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