小鼠实验显示基因疗法或能攻克阿尔茨海默氏病

2016-11-18 张文静 科学网

最近,来自英国伦敦帝国理工学院的一项研究为阿尔茨海默氏病的治疗提供了新的可能。研究人员称,他们的小鼠实验显示,基因疗法也许能成功治疗阿尔茨海默氏病。 阿尔茨海默氏病,是当今和未来人类面临的最主要的全球公共健康和社会保健挑战之一。根据《2015年世界阿尔茨海默氏病报告》中的数据,2015年全球阿尔茨海默氏病患者为4680万人,预计在2030年将达到7470万人,2050年更有可能突破1.

最近,来自英国伦敦帝国理工学院的一项研究为阿尔茨海默氏病的治疗提供了新的可能。研究人员称,他们的小鼠实验显示,基因疗法也许能成功治疗阿尔茨海默氏病。

阿尔茨海默氏病,是当今和未来人类面临的最主要的全球公共健康和社会保健挑战之一。根据《2015年世界阿尔茨海默氏病报告》中的数据,2015年全球阿尔茨海默氏病患者为4680万人,预计在2030年将达到7470万人,2050年更有可能突破1.315亿人。

最近,来自英国伦敦帝国理工学院的一项研究为阿尔茨海默氏病的治疗提供了新的可能。研究人员称,他们的小鼠实验显示基因疗法也许能成功治疗阿尔茨海默氏病。不过,一些专家强调,这一发现是否适用于人类尚需进一步研究。这项研究成果发表在美国《国家科学院学报》上。

基因疗法的新可能

参与此项研究的伦敦帝国理工学院科研人员玛格达莱娜·萨斯特说,他们利用经过改造的慢病毒载体,把一种叫PGC1-α的基因注射入小鼠大脑的记忆区域,这些小鼠刚开始出现阿尔茨海默氏病的早期症状。结果显示,这种疗法阻止了小鼠大脑中β-淀粉样蛋白的积聚,后者被认为会导致脑细胞的死亡,与阿尔茨海默氏病的发病紧密相关。

研究人员说,在利用基因疗法治疗4个月后,这些小鼠大脑中很少有阿尔茨海默氏病标志性的淀粉样斑块。在有关记忆力的任务测试中,这些经过治疗的小鼠与健康小鼠表现得一样出色。此外,它们的大脑记忆区也没有发现脑细胞损失。

萨斯特在一份声明中说:“尽管这些发现还处于非常早期的阶段,但它们显示出基因疗法可能有治疗阿尔茨海默氏病病人的潜力。”萨斯特强调,现在尚有许多难关需要攻克,但“这个概念性验证研究表明这种方式值得进一步探索”。

一些未参与研究的专家说,这项研究有很重要的科学价值,但小鼠不能等同于人,所以应谨慎解读。比如,英国爱丁堡大学认知与神经系统中心临时主任塔拉·斯皮尔斯-琼斯说,这项研究只是基于一种疾病模型的少量小鼠,“这些结果还需要多种模型能够重复,还要攻克许多难关,才能知道这种疗法是否能用于人类患者”。

表现最为明显的两个基因

基因因素对阿尔茨海默氏病的发病有着重要影响。美国哈佛大学医学院“个人基因组计划”老年医学研究负责人、《长寿的基因》一书作者普雷斯顿·埃斯特普告诉《中国科学报》记者,其中有两个基因表现得最为明显,那就是载脂蛋白E(APOE)和淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)。

“APOE有三个变体,分别为e2、e3和e4。每个人都会携带两个APOE副本,每一个副本都有可能是上述三个变体中的任意一种形式。也就是说,人体携带APOE副本的可能形式有6种,分别为e2/e2、e2/e3、e2/e4、e3/e3、e3/e4、e4/e4。”埃斯特普介绍说,e3/e4会将个体罹患阿尔茨海默氏病的风险提高两到三倍,e4/e4则会将这种风险提高十倍之多。在美国,携带e4/e4基因副本的人数大约占总人口数的2%,但他们占阿尔茨海默氏病患者总数的15%。但需要注意的是,有一些少数族群,包括非洲后裔,通常免受这一基因变体的负面影响。在世界人口中,携带e3变体的人群是最普遍的。

“APP则是一种广泛存在于全身组织细胞上的单次跨膜蛋白,研究发现,APP的主要功能是保护脑内细胞和组织免受铁元素氧化的损伤。”埃斯特普说,“APP的变异是造成阿尔茨海默氏病患者脑内老年斑,也就是β-淀粉样蛋白积聚形成斑块的主要原因。”

埃斯特普解释说,20世纪80年代,科学家在研究唐氏综合征的时候发现了APP。APP位于第21号染色体上,APP的三个基因副本会产生过量的淀粉样前蛋白,加速β-淀粉样蛋白斑块的形成。“这也解释了为什么患有唐氏综合征的个体常常在三四十岁就早早地患上了阿尔茨海默氏病。”

基因与环境因素相互作用

埃斯特普强调,饮食和生活方式对这两种基因发生致病作用的影响不容小觑,比如它们与人体内的铁元素的互相作用。

“大脑和神经系统的特定部分对铁元素很敏感。青少年时期,铁元素是促进大脑发育的关键营养元素。然而,在步入成年期后,过量的铁元素可能会导致人的认知能力开始衰退,增加罹患阿尔茨海默氏病、帕金森氏病等大脑和神经系统疾病的风险。”埃斯特普打比方说,“铁元素就像木柴,在可掌控范围内,它能带给我们光明和温暖,但如果失控,就可能会造成野火蔓延。”

“越来越多的研究证据表明,APOE承担着将铁元素运输到大脑的作用。随着铁元素存积增多,APP蛋白也在不断增多,以保护大脑内的细胞和组织。接着,起到清洁作用的特殊细胞就会开始工作。一小部分APP会被剪下丢弃,丢弃的这部分就是β-淀粉样蛋白,也就是形成大脑老年斑的罪魁祸首。起到剪裁作用的酶会在细胞中发挥其他作用,但剪下的APP对人体没有任何意义,甚至可能给人体造成附带损伤。随着β-淀粉样蛋白的积聚,功能性脑细胞就会被杀死和替代。”对于APOE和APP这两种基因与铁元素的相互作用过程,埃斯特普做出上述解释。

在埃斯特普看来,这一过程的负面效应起初看起来微不足道,但经过逐年累加,在人到了七八十岁的时候就会显现出来。“对于普通人来说,与运用基因治疗相比,调整环境因素以预防阿尔茨海默氏病的发生更为容易,比如不要过量地摄入铁元素,这是降低罹患阿尔茨海默氏病几率的很好方式。”

虽然控制铁元素的摄入量说起来不难,但埃斯特普也对此表示忧虑。“因为铁元素有着无处不在和莫名其妙的好名声。当你无精打采的时候,人们可能不会建议你去补充睡眠或者改善睡眠质量,但可能会建议你去补充一些铁元素。”埃斯特普无奈地说。

对此,埃斯特普建议,大家应该多去注意食物中的铁元素含量。“对于正常行经的女性来说,18mg的铁元素就能为她们提供100%每日所需的摄入量。对其他成人来说,一般每日8mg的铁元素就能够满足了。”埃斯特普同时也表示,“人们对铁元素的吸收效率存在个体差异。除了注意食物中的铁元素含量、合理控制摄入量,还可以对衡量铁元素的关键生物标记物进行监测,包括血清铁、血清铁蛋白、血红蛋白等。”

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    2016-11-21 ylzr123

    注意食物中的铁元素含量、合理控制摄入量,还可以对衡量铁元素的关键生物标记物进行监测,包括血清铁、血清铁蛋白、血红蛋白等。

    0

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    2016-11-19 meiliwuxian

    期待进一步研究

    0

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