CRISPR基因编辑技术在进化发育生物学领域掀起热潮

2016-08-22 佚名 生物谷

从1893年以来的很多个夏天里,年轻的发育和进化生化学家们都会蜂拥来到美国马萨诸塞州伍兹霍尔(Woods Hole)开始学习掌握“职业”的技巧;在闻名世界的麻省国家海洋生物实验室( Marine Biological Laboratory)里,每年进行胚胎学实验课程的学生都会对海胆、栉水母(腔肠动物的一种)以及来自不同动物的嫁接细胞进行解剖,但在过去三年里,有强烈学习欲望的“学徒们”开始了

从1893年以来的很多个夏天里,年轻的发育和进化生化学家们都会蜂拥来到美国马萨诸塞州伍兹霍尔(Woods Hole)开始学习掌握“职业”的技巧;在闻名世界的麻省国家海洋生物实验室( Marine Biological Laboratory)里,每年进行胚胎学实验课程的学生都会对海胆、栉水母(腔肠动物的一种)以及来自不同动物的嫁接细胞进行解剖,但在过去三年里,有强烈学习欲望的“学徒们”开始了另一项工作:基因编辑。

这种名为CRISPR–Cas9的精确、有效的基因编辑技术已经开始在全球多个生命科学研究实验室开始风靡,如今该技术已经席卷了整个发育生物学领域,研究者们也试图去解释进化适应性背后所发生的发育改变。相比简单地推断引发历史性转折的原因,比如解释鱼类的四肢发育奥秘,科学家们更希望利用CRISPR基因编辑技术直接检查这种假设,实际上这种理论是非常简单的,即关闭认为参与鱼鳍发育的基因的表达,同时观察是否鱼类开始形成组装“足部”的组织。

而这正是研究者们在Nature杂志上所报道的,他们利用CRISPR技术来帮助解释鱼类足部发育以及开始行走的奥秘,而其他研究者则利用这种技术来确定蝴蝶如何进化出敏锐的色觉以及介虫如何获得爪子。来自乔治华盛顿大学的进化生物学家Arnaud Martin则指出,CRISPR是整个生物学研究领域的巨大变革,但对于发育生物学领域而言,该技术则会带来一定的革新能力,利用CRISPR技术我们就能进行此前无法进行的工作。

鳍如何变成脚?

来自芝加哥大学的研究者Neil Shubin利用基因编辑技术研究了在进化历程中,鱼鳍的顶端或鳍刺如何被四足陆地脊椎动物的脚或者足趾所替代;如今科学家们都知道鱼类也可以发育出四肢,2004年时研究者Shubin发现了3.75亿年前的化石,而该化石似乎就帮助我们抓住了进化变迁的关键过程,研究者认为,足部的进化或许是进化中的一种新事物,因为鳍刺和足部都是由不同类型的骨质所组成的。

然而基因编辑技术就可以让研究者改变主意,Shubin的研究团队利用CRISPR对缺失多个hox13基因的斑马鱼进行了工程化基因编辑,hox13基因在抛弃机体鳍条上扮演着重要的作用。研究者指出,没有任何一个突变体能够完全生长出成熟的足部结构,但某些突变体却拥有排成指状的鳍结构(fingery fins),这些结构由和构建四足动物手指和脚趾的相同类型骨质结构所构成,研究者Shubin说道,作为一名古生物学家,我认为这两种类型的骨质结构在发育和进化上完全不具有关联性,而相关的研究结果正反驳了这一点。

斑马鱼是一种流行的模式动物,科学家们完全可以在实验室对其基因组进行有规律地操作,但CRISPR技术则会大大加速整个实验过程,下一步研究者将会去敲除和拥有四肢的古代鱼类非常相近的鱼类机体中的hox13基因,这些实验能够顺利进行得益于CRISPR技术的帮助。

对蟹类和蝴蝶进行基因编辑

目前几乎找不到任何理由认为CRISPR基因编辑技术不能用于其它物种,研究者Martin认为CRISPR似乎可以应用于任何有机体,他如今已经成功将该技术应用于海洋甲壳类动物Parhyale hawaiensis中。今年1月份,刊登在国际杂志Current Biology上的一项研究报告中,研究者Martin与其同事Nipam Patel就通过研究发现,使得物种机体中不同的Hox基因表达失活就可以干扰物种机体特殊附属物比如触角和爪子的发育,如果科学家们可以成功在实验室繁育动物的话,那么其或许就能够利用CRISPR技术对动物的受精卵进行研究。

来自纽约大学的研究者Claude Desplan已经成功在黄凤蝶中成功地应用了CRISPR技术,相关研究刊登在了上个月的Nature杂志上,文章中研究者检测了一种理论,即相比诸如果蝇等昆虫而言,黄凤蝶眼睛中的光感受器如何检测广谱的色谱,如今他们正在进行实验来将基因编辑技术应用于黄蜂和蚂蚁中。

到目前为止发育生物学家已经开始利用CRISPR技术消除基因的活性或引入基因,比如引入可以编码绿色荧光蛋白的基因,从而实现对动物发育的追踪。但研究者Martin期待更多研究者在不久的将来利用这种新型工具来精确改变动物机体的DNA序列,从而检测特殊遗传改变的相关理论,这就包括调节性DNA序列的改变如何影响基因活性的改变,从而诱发机体的适应性改变,比如四足动物长出四肢。

耶鲁大学的研究者Bhart-Anjan Bhullar认为,很多研究者都对古代过渡物种的DNA序列做出了一定可靠的推测,并且利用CRISPR将这些DNA序列插入到了活体的动物机体中进行研究;去年他们的研究团队就利用化学物成功修饰了鸡的发育过程,研究者认为这可以帮助将兽脚类恐龙的鼻子塑造成为现代鸟类的喙,同时他们还希望利用CRISPR进行后续的实验。

参与上个月胚胎学课程的研究者Bhullar表示,他对学生们进行相关基因编辑试验的成功案例深有印象,而且目前很多科学家已经利用CRISPR技术对斑马鱼、青蛙、海鞘等动物开始编辑。最后Bhullar说道,在CRISPR基因编辑工具的帮助下,对任何东西进行操作都不成问题,我们希望基于CRISPR的基因编辑技术能够快速成为进化发育生物学研究中的一项标准。

参考资料:

【1】CRISPR's hopeful monsters: gene-editing storms evo-devo labs

【2】Digits and fin rays share common developmental histories

Nature   doi:10.1038/nature19322

【3】Evolutionary biology: Fin to limb within our grasp

Nature    doi:10.1038/nature19425

【4】Molecular logic behind the three-way stochastic choices that expand butterfly colour vision

Nature    doi:10.1038/nature18616

【5】Comprehensive analysis of Hox gene expression in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis

Developmental Biology   doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.029

【6】CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis Reveals Versatile Roles of Hox Genes in Crustacean Limb Specification and Evolution

Current Biology   doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.021

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    2016-08-24 yuandd
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    2016-08-24 neurowu
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    2016-08-22 茶马古道

    高精尖技术,学习了!

    0

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    2016-08-22 oo902

    好热的技术啊

    0

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