Science:中国科学家率先解析生命信息载体的30年谜团

2014-04-25 佚名 科学网

4 月 25 日,美国《科学》Science杂志以长篇幅研究论文形式报道中科院生物物理研究所一项关于 30nm 染色质高级结构解析的重大成果,标志中国科学家在这个现代分子生物学难题上的研究得到世界同行的认可。该论文的评审人评论该成果是“目前为止解析的最有挑战性的结构之一”,“在理解染色质如何装配这个问题上迈出了重要的一步”。 61 年前,同样是在 4 月 25 日,剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室的沃森和克

4 月 25 日,美国《科学》Science杂志以长篇幅研究论文形式报道中科院生物物理研究所一项关于 30nm 染色质高级结构解析的重大成果,标志中国科学家在这个现代分子生物学难题上的研究得到世界同行的认可。该论文的评审人评论该成果是“目前为止解析的最有挑战性的结构之一”,“在理解染色质如何装配这个问题上迈出了重要的一步”。 


30nm染色质左手双螺旋结构模型。中国科学院生物物理研究所/供图 中科院生物物理所 摄

61 年前,同样是在 4 月 25 日,剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室的沃森和克里克在英国《自然》(Nature)杂志上发表了一篇划时代的论文,向世界宣告他们发现了 DNA 的双螺旋结构,揭开了遗传信息如何传递这个“生命之谜”。这个发现使生命科学的研究深入到分子层次,开启了现代分子生物学时代,成为 20 世纪最伟大的科学发现之一。

虽然 DNA 是遗传信息的载体,但 DNA 在生命体内并不是独立存在的,任何遗传信息的传递和调控等生命活动都是在 DNA 与其所缠绕的蛋白质形成的染色质这个“生命信息载体”上进行的。 

人的基因组含有大概 30 亿对碱基,如果把一个细胞中的所有这些碱基对集中到一根 DNA “绳子”上,它的长度大概是两米。两米长的 DNA 如何安放在直径只有几个微米的细胞核里?在现代生物学的教科书里,这个过程分 4 步完成: DNA 双螺旋“绳子”缠绕在组蛋白上形成核小体;核小体密集堆积形成直径为 30nm 左右的管状螺旋体,即 30nm 染色质纤维;螺线管再进一步螺旋化成为直径为 0.4 微米的超螺旋体;最后,超螺旋体进一步折叠盘绕成可以在光学显微镜下看到的染色体。通过以上 4 步, DNA 的长度被凝缩至原来的 8400 分之一左右。

科学探索到这里遭遇了瓶颈。以上4个过程分别对应着四级结构, 30nm 染色质纤维是 DNA 凝缩模型的第二级结构,在分子层次,任何有关 DNA 的生命活动都在由 DNA 与其所缠绕的组蛋白组装形成的染色质这个结构平台上进行。染色质的三维空间高级精细结构一直是研究者孜孜以求的信息,但却迟迟没有得到破解。在现代生物学的教科书里,关于染色质二级结构的一种广泛推测是:6 个核小体组成一圈形成中空结构的螺旋体,即 30nm 染色质纤维。

这种推测的螺线管模型被中科院的最新研究结果所推翻。该院生物物理研究所朱平研究组、李国红研究组、许瑞明研究组合作首次解析了 30nm 的高分辨率三维结构并提出了一种全新的染色质纤维结构模型,该模型揭示 30nm 染色质纤维是以 4 个核小体为结构单元,各单元之间通过相互扭转形成一个左手双螺旋高级结构,该研究也首次明确了连接组蛋白 H1 在 30nm 染色质纤维形成过程中的重要作用。

不过,这个研究之路并不容易,由于细胞核内的染色质结构高度变化,受多种因素的影响,难以获得适合高分辨率结构研究、高度均一的样品。再加上对于 30nm 染色质的高分辨率研究在国际上缺乏系统的研究手段,30 多年来,研究一直未有突破性进展。

“体内不行,移到体外。”生物物理研究所李国红研究组依据多年在 30nm 染色质和表观遗传学的研究积累,建成一套染色质体外重建和结构分析平台,获得了适合体外研究的高度均一的样品。朱平研究组进一步利用冷冻电镜单颗粒三维重构方法获得了 30nm 染色质纤维的高分辨率三维重构结果。据介绍,在这两个研究组的合作下,世界上首次解析的染色质清晰高级结构图由此诞生。

该研究团队称,这个结果将染色质的高级结构组装、表观遗传调控机制的研究往前推了一大步,并为预测体内染色质结构建立的分子基础以及各种表观遗传调控因素的可能机理提供了可靠的结构基础。

原始出处:

Feng Song, Ping Chen, Dapeng Sun, Mingzhu Wang, Liping Dong, Dan Liang, Rui-Ming Xu, Ping Zhu,and Guohong Li. Cryo-EM Study of the Chromatin Fiber Reveals a Double Helix Twisted by Tetranucleosomal Units. Science, 25 April 2014; DOI:10.1126/science.1251413

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    2014-06-18 hongbochen
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    2014-08-31 mei539
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    2014-04-27 jichang
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