Nat Rev Micro:免疫调节治疗细菌感染未来大有可为

2012-04-14 T.Shen 生物谷

近日,国际著名评论杂志Nature Reviews Microbiology刊登了加拿大研究人员的最新评论文章“Modulating immunity as a therapy for bacterial infections,”,文章中,作者阐述了通过调节机体免疫力来作为抵抗细菌感染治疗的最新进展。 人类自出生到死亡一直在同多种微生物进行着抗争,这其中就包括了对人类无致病性的共生微生物和病原微

近日,国际著名评论杂志Nature Reviews Microbiology刊登了加拿大研究人员的最新评论文章“Modulating immunity as a therapy for bacterial infections,”,文章中,作者阐述了通过调节机体免疫力来作为抵抗细菌感染治疗的最新进展。

人类自出生到死亡一直在同多种微生物进行着抗争,这其中就包括了对人类无致病性的共生微生物和病原微生物,病原微生物常常以机体的免疫系统为靶标进行攻击,阻止其发挥正常功能,然后引起机体感染。机体免疫力生理功能各方面的进化常常随着与这些微生物的抗争在不断变化着。人类机体的免疫机能可以分为先天性和后天获得性的免疫力,前者是人类对抗致病微生物的第一道防线,主要依赖于粘膜上皮细胞和组织血液中的吞噬细胞发挥作用;后天获得性免疫系统主要是后天条件下机体针对外来的免疫抗原分子产生的,由先天性免疫系统各种免疫分子和抗原分子激活,但是需要很长时间才能激活,这种免疫系统主要由B细胞核T细胞来介导。

研究者发现,根据需要适当调节机体的免疫反应是一种有效的治疗方法,比如可以阻止病原菌的感染、抑制自身免疫和炎症反应以及引起自发引起癌症患者的抗癌免疫反应。目前可用的免疫调节治疗方式主要是用于抗感染,研究者们主要利用天然的免疫调节剂来纠正后天性或者先天性的免疫缺陷,而且他们也会使用辅助的治疗来延长抗生素或者抗病毒制剂的效用时间,比如干扰素或者接种的疫苗;最主要的是免疫佐剂,可以定向增强人类机体的免疫效用,文章中作者主要介绍到了治疗佐剂和疫苗佐剂;治疗佐剂被称为免疫调节剂,可以增强先天性的免疫机能抵御疾病,可以单独使用或者同其他抗生素免疫佐剂联合使用,比如Toll样受体(TLR)和NOR样受体激动剂可以通过最基本的免疫机制来激活先天性免疫力;而疫苗佐剂主要被用来增强抗原特异适应性的免疫反应,根据不同的疫苗佐剂分为三种不同的基本作用机制,不过这些机制都是基于刺激先天免疫力,然后反过来激活适应性的免疫反应最终达到清除病原菌的目的。

免疫调节的治疗方式提供给我们一定的便利,我们可以通过以机体为靶点而非致病菌,免疫调节可以在最大程度上避免因为细菌耐药性进化从而产生的选择性压力。长时间来,通过疫苗来激活适应性免疫依然会出现反弹的现象,此外,非特异性的天然先天免疫防御给我们了一些指示,就是这些免疫调节必须承担得起针对许多致病菌的大范围的保护能力,尤其是在高风险人群中的预防作用以及早期感染性疾病的识别和治疗。然而不合适的先天免疫的激活会导致机体的前炎性反应和组织损伤,因此成功的免疫调节治疗需要控制好保护性免疫系统的刺激而不是增加机体的前炎性免疫反应。

这篇综述文章中,作者Hancock等主要评价了通过一系列天然免疫调节剂来激活机体保护性抗菌免疫力的潜能,这些天然免疫调节剂包括模式识别受体家族激动剂(PRRs)、宿主免疫调节防御肽类(HDPs,也称为抗微生物肽)以及天然细菌配体。作者表示,由于目前我们抗生素的发现速度远远赶不上微生物产生耐药性的速度,因此,针对感染性疾病的新一代免疫调节治疗对于人类的健康带来了巨大的挑战和治疗潜力。(生物谷:T.Shen编译)

doi:10.1038/nrmicro2745
PMC:
PMID:

Modulating immunity as a therapy for bacterial infections

Robert E. W. Hancock, Anastasia Nijnik & Dana J. Philpott

Despite our efforts to halt the increase and spread of antimicrobial resistance, bacteria continue to become less susceptible to antimicrobial drugs over time, and rates of discovery for new antibiotics are declining. Thus, it is essential to explore new paradigms for anti-infective therapy. One promising approach involves host-directed immunomodulatory therapies, whereby natural mechanisms in the host are exploited to enhance therapeutic benefit. The objective is to initiate or enhance protective antimicrobial immunity while limiting inflammation-induced tissue injury. A range of potential immune modulators have been proposed, including innate defence regulator peptides and agonists of innate immune components such as Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors.

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    2012-12-02 xjy02
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    2012-10-09 liye789132251
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银屑病,特定的真菌可以激活和一定免疫疾病有关系的免疫细胞的功能,而另外一些微生物,尤其是存在于人类皮肤上的细菌,可以起到抗炎症的作用。(Credit: © quayside / Fotolia) Copyright ©版权归生物谷所有,若未得到Bioon授权,请勿转载。 当对机体有益的微生物正常工作的时候,和自身免疫疾病如银屑病等相关免疫细胞便会主动起到抗炎症的功效,近日,

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癌干细胞(cancer stem cell)是一类能够抵抗化疗或者放疗的肿瘤细胞,能够让肿瘤再生从而导致肿瘤复发。尽管名字存在类似性,但是癌干细胞与胚胎干细胞存在很大的差别。 美国密歇根大学外科研究助理教授Qiao Li博士和同事们从两类具有免疫活性的小鼠模式动物中提取癌干细胞,然后利用它们制备疫苗。 “我们发现这些富集的癌干细胞具有免疫原性,相比于在以前的免疫治疗试验中通常使用不加选择的肿瘤