矛头蝮蛇血凝酶诱发支气管痉挛1例

2018-11-26 古德华 卢承志 吴江 人民军医

男,52岁,体质量60kg,ASAⅡ级,既往有慢性支气管炎病史10年,无其他疾病及药物过敏史,因“右腹股沟斜疝”拟在硬膜外麻醉下行右腹股沟斜疝无张力修补术。

1.病例
 
男,52岁,体质量60kg,ASAⅡ级,既往有慢性支气管炎病史10年,无其他疾病及药物过敏史,因“右腹股沟斜疝”拟在硬膜外麻醉下行右腹股沟斜疝无张力修补术。
 
入室后建立静脉通道,测BP125/75mHg、HR87次/min、SpO2 98%,鼻导管吸氧2L/min,于L1~L2行硬膜外穿刺置管,注入2%利多卡因5ml,观察5min无腰麻及局麻药中毒征象后追加0.5%罗哌卡因10ml,10min后测麻醉平面至T8节段,测BP110/68mmHg、HR75次/min、SpO2100%。
 
手术开始约10min,术者创面渗血较多,遂给予静注矛头蝮蛇血凝酶(蓬莱诺康药业有限公司生产,国药准字H20051840)2U(用0.9%氯化钠注射液5ml稀释)。给药后约1min,患者述胸闷、气促、呼吸困难,测麻醉平面至T8节段无变化,改鼻导管吸氧为面罩给氧并加大氧流量,患者述呼吸困难症状无改善,测BP142/85mmHg、HR120次/min、SpO2 90%,立即托起下颌,面罩加压给氧,但感觉气道阻力大,置入口咽通气道无明显改善,胸廓无起伏。
 
5min后SpO2进行性下降至75%,HR高达160次/min,口唇及面颊部明显发绀,立即给予静注丙泊酚150mg、顺式阿曲库铵15mg,明视下插入气管导管,接麻醉机手控加压通气,见患者胸廓有起伏,但气道阻力高达1125pxH2O,双肺听诊有明显哮鸣音,诊断考虑:支气管痉挛。给予氨茶碱0.25g、甲强龙80mg静注。机控呼吸5min后SpO2回升至100%,10min后气道阻力下降至500pxH2O,双肺哮鸣音明显减少。
 
密切观察病情变化,观察15min气道阻力降至正常、生命体征平稳后,在全麻下继续手术。术毕拔管顺利。两肺听诊少许哮鸣音,观察30min无其他不良反应后送返病房,随访无特殊。
 
2.讨论
 
矛头蝮蛇血凝酶是从巴西矛头蝮蛇的蛇毒中提取的注射用血凝酶,对手术切口出血具有良好的止血效果,能明显减少手术切口的出血量,被广泛应用于临床。本例静注矛头蝮蛇血凝酶后,出现严重的呼吸困难,气道阻力骤然增加,双肺听诊有明显哮鸣音,是典型的支气管痉挛表现。发生的原因可能为:
 
(1)患者既往有慢性支气管炎病史10年,长期的慢性炎症使气道处于高反应性,其迷走神经张力高,支气管平滑肌处于高度敏感状态。
 
(2)免疫系统的异常响应,矛头蝮蛇血凝酶提取自蛇毒,为异种蛋白,进入人体后为致敏源,与免疫球蛋白(IgE)结合导致体内肥大细胞或粒细胞脱颗粒,释放内源性活性物质,引起支气管平滑肌收缩而诱发支气管痉挛。
 
(3)血钙的异常波动,说明书中示矛头蝮蛇血凝酶辅料中含有钙剂成分,而支气管痉挛均与细胞内游离钙离子浓度的增加有关。矛头蝮蛇血凝酶不良反应报道不少,但本例出现支气管痉挛这样严重的不良反应实属罕见。
 
本例提示:在该药使用过程中,应密切观察用药反应,加强监测,对既往有食物或药物过敏史患者应慎用,一旦发现异常(过敏反应等),应立即对症处理;对合并有上呼吸道感染、慢性支气管炎等气道高反应性患者,应警惕诱发支气管痉挛的可能,做好急救准备。 

原始出处:

古德华, 卢承志, 吴江. 矛头蝮蛇血凝酶诱发支气管痉挛1例[J]. 人民军医, 2017, 27(9):1034-1035.

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    2018-12-09 一天没事干

    很好的学习机会

    0

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    2018-11-28 apoenzyme