奥运季,与大家一起聊聊“基因兴奋剂”

2016-08-10 佚名 生物探索

这些天,相信大家的朋友圈都被正在进行的里约奥运会刷屏了。当我们一边在享受这一体育界饕餮盛宴时,一边为俄罗斯代表队近1/3队员被“兴奋剂”斩于马下而震惊,为澳洲游泳运动员霍顿恶意攻击孙杨“兴奋剂选手”而叫屈,“兴奋剂”似乎再次成为热点话题。事实上,这届奥运会上,首次采取了反“基因兴奋剂”的基因检测方法。今天,小编就与大家一起聊聊,什么是“基因兴奋剂”?以及如何反“基因兴奋剂”?

近年来,除了传统的药物或者物理疗法的兴奋剂,采用植入外源DNA的“基因兴奋剂”也引起了越来越多人的关注和国际奥委会的重视。

2003年,国际奥委会(IOC)和世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)颁布的禁用兴奋剂清单,首次将“基因兴奋剂”列入其中。禁用清单对“基因兴奋剂”做了如下定义,即:非治疗目的使用以提高运动能力的基因、遗传构件、细胞。

面对采用遗传物质制作而成的这种“新型兴奋剂”,科学界一直在从事相关研究,并提出应对之道。今年,科学家们首次采取了一种基因测试,以检测为提高运动员耐力和性能而非法注射的EPO基因,成为了首个反“基因兴奋剂”作弊的基因检测方法。

兴起

进入21世纪,基因工程技术的迅速发展并且广泛应用于与生命现象有关的各学科中。

美国生物技术公司BioViva的CEO Elizabeth Parrish就曾以身试法,她向自己的身体里注入了两种还在试验阶段的基因疗法,其中一种具有阻断肌肉组织分解的作用。换句话说,通过该技术,即使你平时从不锻炼,你可以让你的肌肉保持强壮或者是生长得更快。

在运动生物科学领域,基因技术在运动员身体机能评定、运动营养等方面也崭露头角。如利用基因、遗传物质或细胞等非治疗性的“基因治疗”技术,将提高运动能力的基因导入运动员的靶向细胞中,以不正当提高运动成绩的目的。这种行为也常常被称作使用了“基因兴奋剂”(gene doping)。

该方法除了将某种目的基因转入人体细胞内,也可以利用某些药物或物理等手段调节某些基因的表达。

挑战

与传统的兴奋剂药物和方法相比,“基因兴奋剂”或仅存在于肌肉中,且与天然产物完全一样,无法通过现有的检测手段检测到,具有很高的隐蔽性。因此,从传统的注入体外重组蛋白到如今“基因兴奋剂”的出现,给兴奋剂检测工作带来了巨大的挑战。

2011年,一项匿名调查显示:有超过1/3的运动使用兴奋剂,但被检测出来的比例不到2%,其中使用“基因兴奋剂”被检测的概率更低。

更为糟糕的是,虽然基因编辑只是在近3年变得异常火爆,但其最早的研究可以追溯到几十年前。因此在基因编辑的“黑市”中,一些黑客已经先进于法律规定,流氓的运动员和科学家沆瀣一气,采用该种技术达到非正常目的。

按照全球各国的法律:到目前为止,由于不能排除使人类或动物患上癌症等其他致命性疾病的可能,基因编辑主要是实验性的,只用于研究人类一些罕见病和严重疾病的治疗。

对策

根据国际奥委会发布的通告,今年尚未发现“基因兴奋剂”在奥运会上出现。不过,反“基因兴奋剂”的基因检测方法,在如此重大的赛事首次正式“亮相”,从科学研究的角度,仍是明显进步。

反“基因兴奋剂”实验室一角(图片来源:DailyMail)

澳大利亚国家计量院( Australia’s National Measurement Institute)的分子生物学家Anna Baoutina发现:人体内源性的能够编码EPO的基因含有四个内含子(内含子是一段在基因转录后,从信使RNA中被剪切掉的序列,即在进化过程中丧失功能的基因部分),而在基因治疗中人工合成的EPO DNA序列中则没有内含子。

因此检测者可以从样品中寻找不带内含子的EPO基因,用来识别出哪些运动员是注入了外源的“基因兴奋剂”的。

由于该技术已经相对成熟,在本届奥运会上,针对EPO的基因检测首次被派上用途。

担忧

虽然人类在反对“基因兴奋剂”上已经取得了一小步的胜利,但不容乐观的是,随着基因编辑技术CRISPR的横空出世,开发出针对采用CRISPR的“基因兴奋剂”的诊断测试,势必是更加困难和更加昂贵的。

这主要是由于:CRISPR仅改变单个DNA碱基,作为一种改变“表观基因组”(Epigenome)的方式,它仅仅改变基因的活性,而不改变DNA序列。它排出了科学家对导入外源性基因制造的蛋白对人体造成的潜在隐患。

专家认为,表观基因组编辑(Epigenome editing)在治疗疾病上可能比基因组编辑更有用。一旦表观基因组编辑能够成为一种治疗技术,那不可避免它或在运动员身上滥用。

还有人认为,之所以有些人能成为卓越的运动员,本身就存在天生的遗传差异性。有研究证实,与普通人相比,卓越的运动员存在200多个基因位点的变异。一旦基因编辑被批准用于人类胚胎编辑,人类或可“订制”超级婴儿,届时运动会将成为“超人间的对抗”。

推荐阅读:

Cheats beware! Revolutionary gene doping test will be used at the Olympics for the first time

IOC looking at new gene doping test, won't be used in Rio

Gene doping in sport could make the Olympics fairer and safer

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    2022-11-04 一路生花

    了解一下

    0

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    2016-08-11 木水晶

    倘若真让“订制”超级婴儿参加奥运会,那奥运会本身还有什么意义?

    1

    展开1条回复
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    2016-08-10 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解一下!

    0