经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗并发症的处理

2011-04-09 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

      病史简介   患者男性,60岁,因反复发作胸痛1年余、症状加重1周入院。   该患者存在“吸烟、高血压、高脂血症”等致动脉粥样硬化危险因素。体格检查未见明显异常体征。   心电图检查:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移。   CT冠脉造影(CTA):右冠状动脉(RCA)存在高度狭窄,左前降支近段偏心病变,存在50%狭窄病变,回旋支不规则。   经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)

   

  病史简介

  患者男性,60岁,因反复发作胸痛1年余、症状加重1周入院。

  该患者存在“吸烟、高血压、高脂血症”等致动脉粥样硬化危险因素。体格检查未见明显异常体征。

  心电图检查:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移。

  CT冠脉造影(CTA):右冠状动脉(RCA)存在高度狭窄,左前降支近段偏心病变,存在50%狭窄病变,回旋支不规则。

  经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI

  2010年11月9日,患者于经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影,发现右冠状动脉近段完全闭塞,左前降支和左回旋支病变与冠脉CTA结果相似,遂行右冠状动脉完全闭塞病变(CTO)介入治疗。

  冠状动脉造影显示,闭塞段长约20 mm,中间有部分桥侧支提供远段血流(TIMI 1级)。首先选择6F JR指引导管,使用Runthrough 和Fielder导丝尝试通过病变未果,改用6F AL 0.75指引导管,用BMW导丝锚定右室支,Sprinter Legend 1.25×15 mm球囊作支撑,尝试Crosswire NT导丝亦未能通过病变,再用Miracle 3,6导丝均未能通过病变。由于本次手术时间较长,造影剂量接近400ml,遂结束本次手术。

  经股动脉PCI

  1周后,改经股动脉7F鞘管再次尝试右冠脉CTO病变的介入治疗。

  选择7F AL1指引导管,Finecross MG微导管做支撑,用Fielder和Crosswire NT导丝尝试通过病变。

  在操作过程中,AL指引导管造成RCA近段非闭塞部位内膜撕裂,出现血管夹层。换用7F JR4指引导管,再用Finecross微导管做支撑,Crosswire NT导丝反复尝试终于通过病变进入远端血管床。

  之后又发生问题,球囊无法通过病变,先用BMW导丝在右室支锚定,Sprinter Legend 1.25×15 mm球囊仍无法通过病变,遂改用 2.1F Tornus导管穿越病变,但上述球囊仍无法通过病变,最后用2.5×15 mm Sprinter球囊在右室支锚定,1.25×15 mm球囊终于通过病变并扩张。

  再依次用2.0×20 mm和2.5×20 mm球囊依次对病变进行扩张后,植入3.0×24 mm和3.5×30 mm Endeavor Resolute在病变处,用3.5×12 mm NC Sprinter球囊做后扩张。

  最后见右冠开口部位血管夹层未完全覆盖,加用4.0×15 mm Abbott Xience V支架植入于右冠开口处,14ATM扩张,最后结果未见残余狭窄,右冠窦亦正常。

  病例分析

  1、该患者术前CTA提示右冠脉高度狭窄,未能识别出完全闭塞病变,故介入径路选择经桡动脉,致后续的RCA介入治疗中指引导管后坐力不足。

  2、在CTA中可见病变部位存在钙化影,术前未予足够重视,在RCA介入治疗中遇到较大的困难。

  3、CTO病变介入治疗中指引导管的操作要轻柔,手术中AL1导致右冠近端血管内膜撕裂,如继续用此指引导管,可能使夹层扩大,甚至引起升主动脉夹层,危及病人生命。改用的JR4指引导管,其主动和被动支撑力均较弱,造成球囊难以通过病变。

  4、球囊无法通过CTO病变时,常用的方法有Tornus导管、球囊锚定以及多导丝斑块挤压技术。本病例由于指引导管后坐力不足,Tornus并未完全通过病变,最后球囊锚定方使球囊通过CTO病变。

点评

  介入治疗中指引导管导致的血管开口部位内膜撕裂,要么中止手术,要么改用对冠脉口损伤小的指引导管,此时继续手术,风险较大,要格外小心。

  CTO病变球囊不能通过时,有多种方法可以选择。可用简单的导丝锚定、导丝斑块挤压,或球囊锚定技术,亦可用特殊器械,如Tornus、旋磨技术等。 

(本病例在CIT冠脉介入治疗“精选”并发症专场报告)

  马根山,教授、主任医师、博士研究生导师。长期从事心血管病临床医疗工作,擅长各种心血管疾病的诊疗,对危重病人的抢救有丰富经验。自1989年开始从事介入心脏病工作,曾在澳大利亚研修心脏病介入治疗术1年,擅长冠心病介入治疗、心脏电生理检查和心脏起搏器置入术,冠心病介入治疗技术在国内享有较高声誉。现为美国心脏病学会委员、中华医学会心血管病分会冠脉介入心脏病学组委员、江苏省医学会心血管病分会常务委员、江苏省中西医结合心血管学会副主任委员、南京市中西医结合学会常务理事。  

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    2011-09-16 丁鹏鹏
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