Cell:“升级版”TMS有望治疗帕金森等多种神经疾病

2017-06-05 漱石 生物探索

去年年底,麻省理工学院(MIT)的神经科学家蔡立慧(Li-Huei Tsai)领导的研究小组在Nature上发表的一项研究引起广泛关注,他们利用特定频率闪烁的LED灯,大大减少了阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠大脑中的β-淀粉样蛋白斑,这种无创、容易开展的方法为阿尔茨海默病的治疗开辟了一个新方向。近日,该研究小组与MIT的同事和贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心(BIDMC)的研究人员合作,在Cell上又发表了一项可能

去年年底,麻省理工学院(MIT)的神经科学家蔡立慧(Li-Huei Tsai)领导的研究小组在Nature上发表的一项研究引起广泛关注,他们利用特定频率闪烁的LED灯,大大减少了阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠大脑中的β-淀粉样蛋白斑,这种无创、容易开展的方法为阿尔茨海默病的治疗开辟了一个新方向。近日,该研究小组与MIT的同事和贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心(BIDMC)的研究人员合作,在Cell上又发表了一项可能用于治疗帕金森病等神经疾病的无创治疗方法,不过,这一次他们不是用“光”,而是用“电”。

深部脑刺激(Deep brain stimulation,DBS)是一种在脑内特定靶点植入电极进行电刺激,从而达到治疗目的一种新方法。比如,对下丘脑核的刺激,可以用来治疗帕金森病。但是,这种方法需要打开颅骨并植入电极,这可能引起一些并发症,对患者而言是一项存在风险的复杂手术。

深部脑刺激需在大脑内植入电极

有没有什么方法能够非侵入式地进行深部脑刺激呢?

MIT和BIDMC的研究人员合作,提出了一种新方法——通过放在头皮上的电极就能刺激大脑深处的区域。这种方法可以降低深部脑刺激的风险和成本,更易于患者使用。此外,除了帕金森病,医生也用深部脑刺激治疗一些强迫症,癫痫和抑郁症等脑部疾病。研究人员表示,新的无创方法可以使深部脑刺激更适用于治疗其他疾病。

深部脑刺激用于治疗帕金森病时,电极通常放置在大脑深部的下丘脑核内,这是一个位于丘脑下方的晶状体结构。对许多帕金森病患者而言,在该脑区传递电脉冲可以改善症状,但植入电极的手术会带来脑出血和感染等风险。

一些研究人员试图使用经颅磁刺激(TMS,该技术被FDA批准用于治疗抑郁症)等技术无创刺激大脑。由于TMS是非侵入性的,它也被用于正常的人类受试者以研究认知、情感、感觉和运动的基础科学。然而,使用TMS刺激深部脑结构也可能导致表面区域被强烈刺激,多个大脑网络的被调整。

两种频率略有差异的高频电流在大脑深部相互抵消,产生一段低频电流  
 图片来源:Cell

1、高频电流在大脑深部相互作用驱动神经元

研究人员利用一种名为temporal interference的现象,通过放置在头皮上的电极,向大脑深处传递电刺激。这种方法让置于脑外的电极产生两个高频电流。这些电流频率太高以至于无法驱动神经元。但是,这些电流能够相互干扰,当它们在脑部深处相交时,就能在神经元内部产生一小段低频电流。这种低频电流可以驱动神经元的电活动,而高频电流没有影响经过的周围组织。

通过调整这些电流的频率并改变电极的数量和位置,研究人员可以控制接收低频刺激的脑组织的大小和位置。他们可以瞄准大脑深处的位置,而不影响任何周围的脑结构。他们也可以通过改变电流来引导刺激的位置而无需移动电极。通过这种方式刺激大脑深部的靶点,既能够用于治疗,又能帮助基础科学研究。

本研究的通讯作者,MIT媒体实验室和McGovern脑研究所的成员 Edward S. Boyden说:“你可以绕过上层神经元直达深层靶点,不过目前空间分辨率还比不上深部脑刺激。”

2、刺激大脑深部激发动物行为

MIT皮考尔学习与记忆研究所所长蔡立慧以及她实验室的研究人员在小鼠中测试了这种技术,发现他们能够刺激大脑深处的小区域,包括海马。他们也能够转移刺激部位,激活运动皮层的不同区域,并诱发小鼠运动其四肢,耳朵或胡须。

“我们可以非常精确地瞄准一个大脑区域,不仅仅是引发神经元激活,而且是行为反应,” 蔡立慧表示,“我认为这是非常令人兴奋的,因为帕金森病和其他运动障碍似乎源自一个非常特定的大脑区域,如果你能够瞄准靶点,就有可能扭转它。”

在海马实验中,这种刺激方法能够成功绕开位于颅骨表面的电极和脑内的靶点之间的皮层区域。并且,大脑的其他部位也没有受到任何有害影响。

去年,蔡立慧的研究小组使用LED光诱导特定频率的脑电波从而大大减少小鼠脑中β淀粉样斑块。她现在计划探索这种类型的电刺激是否也能够产生一种类似的有益脑电波。

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    2017-12-19 维他命
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    2017-07-01 360611850
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    2017-06-10 ylzr123

    好文,值得点赞,更值得收藏!慢慢领会学习的。给点个赞!

    0

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    2017-06-08 liusanxin

    学习了,又开拓了新思路

    0

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    2017-06-06 baihao215

    tms对神经递质进行调节

    0

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    2017-06-06 海棠胜雪

    学习了

    0

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