J Thorac Oncol:一文掌握ROS-1阳性肺癌研究进展

2017-09-04 wrangx 肿瘤资讯

ROS1是NSCLC上重要驱动基因,克唑替尼是目前唯一批准的靶向药物。来自美国麻省总医院Alice T. Shaw教授在JTO发表综述,系统总结ROS-1重排NSCLC生物学和治疗进展,重点是如何克服克唑替尼耐药和优化治疗流程。

ROS1是NSCLC上重要驱动基因,克唑替尼是目前唯一批准的靶向药物。来自美国麻省总医院Alice T. Shaw教授在JTO发表综述,系统总结ROS-1重排NSCLC生物学和治疗进展,重点是如何克服克唑替尼耐药和优化治疗流程。

介绍

2007年首次在NSCLC上发现ROS-1重排,阳性率1%~2%。2016年3月FDA批准ALK/ROS-1/MET抑制剂克唑替尼治疗晚期ROS-1重排 NSCLC,成为ROS-1阳性肺癌历史上第一个靶向药物。在Ⅰ期PROFILE1001研究中,克唑替尼治疗ROS-1重排NSCLC的ORR为72%,中位PFS为19.2个月。尽管有效时间较长,但耐药不可避免。目前克唑替尼仍是ROS-1重排NSCLC唯一靶向药物,亟需发展新的药物。本文梳理最新的ROS-1重排NSCLC生物学和治疗进展,探讨克唑替尼耐药机制,及如何根据耐药机制指导治疗。

下图为ROS1重排在肺癌发展历程图


ROS-1功能

ROS1为跨膜酪氨酸激酶,属于胰岛素受体家族,与禽流感肉瘤病毒UR的v-ros序列同源,位于6q22.1上。N端为大分子胞外端,单通道疏水跨膜通道,C端为胞内酪氨酸激酶结构域。虽然与ALK同源,但不是所有ALK抑制剂均可同时抑制ROS-1和ALK活性。

目前肺癌上共发现14种ROS-1基因融合形式,包括CD74、SLC34A2、SDC4等,ROS1融合蛋白激酶活性还不明确。与ALK不同的是,ALK重排的融合蛋白通过二聚化诱导激酶激活,ROS1没有此功能。ROS1激活通过MAPK/ERK、PI3K/AKT、JAK/STAT3和 SHP1/2通路促进细胞增殖和存活。不同ROS1融合形式是否具有不同的表达水平、激酶活性和致癌性还不清楚。

下图为在肺癌上ROS-1基因融合形式及所占比例


临床病理特点

ROS1阳性肺癌多见于年轻,不吸烟或轻度吸烟肺腺癌,肺鳞癌和大细胞发现ROS1重排但罕见。ROS1和ALK临床病理特征不完全相同,对比39例ROS1和196例ALK融合NSCLC,诊断时ROS1阳性患者胸外及颅内转移率较低,颅内累积转移率发生率也较低。总体上驱动基因ROS1与EGFR、KARS相互独立不重叠,尽管有个别重叠突变的报道。

检测

尚无正式批准的ROS检测方式,多参看ALK。其中FISH最常用,此外还包括IHC、RT-PCR和NGS。ROS1 FISH检测使用双色背离探针,红色和绿色标记ROS1断点的3’和5’端,黄色信号为无基因融合。“典型”表现为红、绿色分离,“不典型”表现为3’红色信号分离。FISH检测阈值为15%,多使用福尔马林固定标本,但因样本量小或染色体断裂导致FISH假阳性或假阴性出现。

IHC较FISH节省时间,商业化ROS1 D4D6抗体敏感性100%,特异性达到92%~100%。ROS1 IHC结果判读比ALK要困难,因为染色在胞内位置不固定;良性肺细胞、巨噬细胞、骨转移部位骨巨细胞可表达ROS1;染色背景比ALK深;非整倍体导致IHC假阳性。IHC作为筛查ROS1是不足的,需要FISH和NGS确认。

NGS1可发现不同ROS1融合类型,但成本高于FISH和IHC,需要对不同NGS平台进行验证。多重锚定PCR检测319例FFPF肺癌标本,以FISH作为参照,敏感性和特异性均为100%。

靶向药物

克唑替尼

因ROS-1和ALK激酶区49%氨基酸相同,而在ATP集合区77%氨基酸相同,为ALK抑制剂作用于ROS-1提供了结构基础。类似故事,以MET抑制剂研发的克唑替尼,却首先批准用于ALK阳性晚期NSCLC。临床前研究显示克唑替尼可抑制ROS1, ROS1 IC50值为60nM。Ⅰ期PROFILE拓展研究纳入ROS1重排NSCLC,共50例,克唑替尼ORR为72%,DCR为90%,中位PFS为19.2个月。在后续Ⅱ期研究中克唑替尼PFS缩短,在法国Ⅱ期和回顾性EUROS1研究中位PFS为9~10个月,但两项研究仅30余例患者。东亚更大样本Ⅱ研究,纳入127例ROS1重排NSCLC,中位PFS为13.4个月。

克唑替尼耐药

分为临床耐药和分子耐药。临床耐药模式,如寡转移或仅中枢神经系统进展,可局部处理后继续使用克唑替尼。耐药后二次活检可帮助了解耐药机制更合理选择药物。

分子耐药主要分为二次突变或旁路激活。二次突变即ROS-1激酶区突变,占50%~60%,高于ALK激酶区20%~25%突变率,可能与克唑替尼结合部位不同及对ROS1抑制作用更强。

ROS1耐药突变最常见为G2032R,类似ALK的G1202。G2032R是发现的第一个耐药突变,导致药物结合障碍,与药物剂量无关。对克唑替尼治疗耐药的17例标本分析,G2032R发生率为41%,强调了G2032R在ROS1继发耐药中占有重要地位。另一个耐药突变为D2033N,与ALK D1203N类似,影响D2033残基与克唑替尼结合的静电效应。其他耐药突变S1986Y/F、L2026M。脱靶作用也是克唑替尼耐药原因,目前仅有个案报道。

旁路激活如KIT突变、D816G,EGFR信号通路上调。组织转化例如上皮间质转化可能对克唑替尼耐药,分子机制上MET改变、钙黏蛋白下降或vimentin增加,但未观察到腺癌向小细胞转化,也许随着病例增多会看到这种现象。

研发中的ROS1抑制剂


图为正在研发ROS1抑制剂,与不同的激酶结合区结合,克服耐药机制不同,毒性和CNS活性不同。

色瑞替尼

在HCC78细胞系上抑制ROS1的CI50值50 nM。韩国进行Ⅱ期研究,32例ROS1阳性NSCLC,色瑞替尼750mg每日一次。因2例既往克唑替尼耐药患者无效,研究调整为只纳入克唑替尼未治疗患者。ORR为67%,DCR为87%,未经克唑替尼治疗的中位PFS为19.3个月,颅内有效率为25%,颅内DCR为63%。色瑞替尼无法克服克唑替尼耐药,色瑞替尼可抑制守门基因L2026M,但不能抑制G2032R、D2033N、L1951R和S1986Y/F。Ⅱ期研究中色瑞替尼相关毒性腹泻(78%)、恶心(59%)、厌食(56%)、呕吐(53%),整体毒性高于克唑替尼。

Brigatinib

抑制ROS1的IC50值7.5nm 。Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究中2例克唑替尼耐药患者,1例稳定、1例疾病进展。体外试验Brigatinib可抑制L2026M,但对G2032R, D2033N或L1951R无效,同色瑞替尼一样Brigatinib无法用于克唑替尼耐药患者,

Lorlatinib

为高效、选择性抑制ALK/ROS1及CNS通透性强小分子TKI。标准剂量100mg的 Lorlatinib,脑脊液血浆药物浓度比为61%~96%。Ⅰ期研究纳入12例ROS1重排NSCLC,ORR为50%,PFS为7个月,5例颅内转移4例有效。体外研究Lorlatinib可抑制克唑替尼多种耐药,包括L2026M、S1986Y/F和D2033N。临床报道一例S1986Y/F耐药突变Lorlatinib治疗后长期有效,但Lorlatinib对G2032R耐药突变疗效有限,因为IC50值为177nM~508nM。

Entrectinib

在ROS1上IC50值低于5nM,且对G2032R和L2026M有抑制作用。Ⅰ期研究14例克唑替尼未治疗患者,Entrectinib的ORR为86%(颅内有效率为63%),中位PFS为19个月,但在6例克唑替尼耐药无观察有效患者。纳入克唑替尼治疗仅颅内进展患者entrectinib的Ⅱ期研究正在进行。

卡博替尼

为多靶点TKI,可抑制MET、VEGFR2、RET和KIT,批准用于甲状腺髓样癌和肾癌。近期研究发现,卡博替尼可抑制ROS1,克服G2032R 和D2033N耐药突变。抑制G2032R和D2033N的IC50值分别为13.5~26nM和0.8nM。文献报道一例克唑替尼D2033N耐药后卡博替尼完全缓解。D2033N耐药后可选卡博替尼,但因靶点并非高选择性,毒性较高包括手足综合症、胃肠道毒性、心血管毒性。

DS-6051b为口服ROS1/TRK抑制剂,Ⅰ期研究纳入13例患者,8例可评效,ORR为62.5%,DCR为100%,3例克唑替尼耐药患者无效。

TPX-0005

可抑制守门基因和耐药突变,临床前研究可抑制ROS1 G2032R和旁路激活如SRC和FAK,目前Ⅰ期研究正在进行。

治疗策略

在新药数据有限情况下,如何选择ROS1抑制剂,如何衔接各种治疗是很难回答问题。作者根据目前循症医学数据总结ROS1重排肺癌治疗路径,见下图。


克唑替尼为标准的一线治疗。克唑替尼治疗进展后在可行和安全情况下,推荐进行二次活检,分析ROS1耐药机制。若组织无法获得,进行NGS液态活检,但敏感性会下降。二次活检ROS1还存在,提示肿瘤仍对ROS1这条通路依赖,对G2032突变lorlatinib疗效欠佳,可加入TPX-0005或卡博替尼试验。克唑替尼治疗后ROS1消失,可选择化疗(对含培美曲塞方案化疗敏感),新型ROS1 TKI只作为尝试。免疫疗法对TKI治疗进展的ROS阳性肺癌作用还不明确,需要分析生物标志物PD-L1表达、肿瘤微环境中的炎症反应和肿瘤突变负荷以对疗效进行预测。

原始出处:Lin JJ, Shaw AT. Recent Advances in Targeting ROS1 in Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2017 Aug 14.

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    2018-03-08 yyj062
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    2017-11-30 minlingfeng
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    2017-09-06 lsndxfj
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    2017-09-04 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了

    0

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    2017-09-04 luominglian113

    学习了.谢谢分享

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