临床笔记:如何鉴别脑水肿(血管源性、细胞毒性、间质性)?

2021-10-25 “神经时讯”公众号 “神经时讯”公众号

脑水肿分为血管源性脑水肿、细胞性脑水肿和间质性脑水肿。

脑水肿分为血管源性脑水肿、细胞性脑水肿和间质性脑水肿。

血管源性脑水肿

由于血脑屏障受损、破坏致毛细血管通透性增加,水分渗出增多,积存于血管周围及细胞间质所致。此时,一些蛋白物质随水分经血管壁通透到细胞外液中,使细胞外液渗透压升高,水分由血管壁渗出增多,致使脑水肿继续发展,脑外伤所导致的外伤性脑水肿早期主要为血管源性脑水肿。典型疾病如肿瘤、脓肿、脑炎。

下图(图1~图3)为胶质母细胞瘤,肿瘤使周围脑组织受压或阻塞脑静脉回流,静脉压升高,脑脊液循环机吸收障碍,以及肿瘤生物毒性作用等,使肿瘤周围的脑组织受影响,血脑屏障损害或破坏,血管壁通透性增加,产生局限性血管源性脑水肿。

图1 FLAIR序列肿瘤为稍高信号,肿瘤周围白质内见不规则形高信号水肿,勾勒出局部脑白质形态

图2 T1增强扫描可以看到肿瘤实体呈花环状强化,而周围水肿无强化

图3 波谱显示Cho峰明显增高,NAA峰减低

细胞性脑水肿

细胞性脑水肿是不同的致病因素使细胞内外环境改变,脑组织缺氧影响神经细胞代谢,细胞膜系统功能障碍,线粒体三磷酸腺苷生成减少,神经细胞膜的钠-钾泵、钙-镁泵等活性降低,使神经细胞内外的钠、钾钙等离子交换障碍。这些因素均可导致细胞内水肿。此类水肿时,血脑屏障可不受影响,血管周围间隙及细胞外间隙无明显扩大,细胞内水肿液不含蛋白,钠、氯离子水平增高。特点为细胞内水钠聚集,水肿部位累及灰、白质,典型疾病为缺血缺氧早期。

图4 急性期脑梗死的患者,DWI示左侧额叶见明显片状高信号,责任血管为左侧大脑中动脉额叶分支

间质性脑水肿

又称脑积水性脑水肿,常见于梗阻性脑积水。不同病因引起梗阻性脑积水,使脑室系统扩大,尤以侧脑室扩大为甚,致使脑室内压力显着高于脑组织内的压力。产生脑室内-脑组织内压力梯度,这种压力梯度的显着差别,使脑室内液体可以透过脑室室管膜到脑室周围脑组织中,形成脑室周围白质脑水肿。

图5 1例梗阻性脑积水的患者,双侧侧脑室明显扩张,侧脑室前角旁可见新月形长T2信号的水肿带

图6 DWI序列中由于髓母细胞瘤组织细胞排列紧密,呈典型高信号

图 7 T1增强矢状位四脑室的病灶呈轻度不均匀强化

图8 各型脑水肿的鉴别诊断

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    2021-12-06 ms6000001197628119

    学习学习

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    2021-10-27 小华子
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    2021-10-26 123238a6m71(暂无昵称)

    学习了

    0

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    2021-10-26 12346c4dm64暂无昵称

    不同的脑水肿表现

    0

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