宫腔镜术中发生严重致死性肺水肿1例

2018-12-26 贺腾 宋丽平 罗林丽 广西医学

肺水肿是宫腔镜检查和治疗中的常见并发症之一,随着临床医师对该并发症的认识和防范意识的增强,目前在常见妇科病患者中严重肺水肿的发生已经明显减少。但是,对于一些妇科少见病例,由于其解剖和生理的特殊性,在实施宫腔镜操作时存在短时间内导致严重致死性肺水肿的高风险,而这在临床上非常罕见,其风险往往不为临床医师所认识,因此,一旦发生严重致死性肺水肿,抢救十分困难,死亡率极高。本文报告了1例特殊病例在宫腔镜术中

肺水肿是宫腔镜检查和治疗中的常见并发症之一,随着临床医师对该并发症的认识和防范意识的增强,目前在常见妇科病患者中严重肺水肿的发生已经明显减少。但是,对于一些妇科少见病例,由于其解剖和生理的特殊性,在实施宫腔镜操作时存在短时间内导致严重致死性肺水肿的高风险,而这在临床上非常罕见,其风险往往不为临床医师所认识,因此,一旦发生严重致死性肺水肿,抢救十分困难,死亡率极高。本文报告了1例特殊病例在宫腔镜术中发生严重致死性肺水肿的抢救经过,现报告如下。
 
1.临床资料
 
患者,女,26岁,60kg,因“宫腔占位(妊娠物残留)、子宫动静脉瘘”于2017年4月11日入院,入院第2天拟在宫腔镜下行宫腔占位切除术及宫腔粘连松解术。患者入院前3个月于外院行人流手术,后无月经来潮。
 
本院超声检查提示宫腔内查见4.1 cm×3.3 cm×5.4 cm杂乱回声,与肌壁分界不清,探及动静脉瘘血流频谱。患者术前美国麻醉医师协会评分Ⅱ级,心功能良好,胸片提示右肺上叶后段慢性炎症,但其术前无咳嗽、发热等临床表现,因此未做特殊处理,其余辅助检查结果均无特殊。
 
入手术室后,监测患者生命体征,血压为115/54mmHg,心率为81次/min,血氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)为100%。采用喉罩通气下静吸复合全身麻醉。以0.9%生理盐水作膨宫液,膨宫压力为130mmHg。术中生命体征平稳,SpO2维持在98%~100%,手术历时90min,在手术结束前15min患者恢复自主呼吸,将机控呼吸改为自主呼吸,潮气量约400ml,手术结束前5min患者SpO2突然从98%下降至88%,并有进一步下降的趋势,口鼻出现大量血性分泌物,立即行人工辅助呼吸并做紧急气管插管准备。
 
同时立即停止手术,宫腔内压迫球囊止血,留置尿管,尿量为600ml。人工辅助呼吸时发现气道阻力明显升高,完全无法有效通气,立即拔除喉罩,在可视喉镜下行紧急气管插管。置入可视喉镜后见口腔内有大量血性液体,充分吸引后可见咽喉部组织水肿明显,无法清楚辨认会厌及声门,找到疑似水肿的会厌,沿会厌根部插管成功,此过程中患者口唇发绀,SpO2迅速降至52%。
 
插管成功后给予呼吸机正压通气,并调整呼吸参数呼气末正压(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)为10 cmH2O,SpO2仍无法上升,气道阻力高达38 cmH2O,机控呼吸无法有效实施,改为手控辅助通气并间断气管内吸液。手控辅助通气潮气量控制在300~400ml,呼吸频率20~30次/mim,同时给予呋塞米20mg、地塞米松20mg和氢化可的松100mg静脉推注,患者SpO2逐步上升至70%左右。去除无菌铺单后发现患者全身水肿明显,听诊双肺均闻及大量湿啰音,考虑患者发生严重循环超负荷所致的急性左心功能衰竭和肺水肿。
 
紧急统计膨宫液出入量发现,宫腔冲洗液共约13000ml,出量5000ml,进入体内约8000ml。此时患者血压波动于100~110/60~70mmHg,心率90~100次/min,气道压为35 cmH2O左右。行桡动脉穿刺置管,急查血气分析:pH6.906、PaCO2 85.0mmHg、剩余碱-16mmol/L、HCO3-16.9mmol/L、SaO258%、Na+146mmol/L、K+3.4mmol/L、Ca+0.92mmol/L、Hb116g/L、红细胞压积34%。提示患者同时存在严重代谢性酸中毒合并呼吸性酸中毒、低钾血症、低钙血症。
 
立即给予去乙酰毛花苷(西地兰)0.2mg静脉推注,再次给予呋塞米20mg静脉推注、葡萄糖酸钙1g静脉滴注、5%碳酸氢钠250ml静脉滴注等处理。患者SpO2慢慢回升至97%,心率95次/min,血压91/55mmHg;给予多巴胺5μg/(kg·min)持续泵注,维持血压在90~100/50~60mmHg。30min后,复查血气:pH7.19、PaCO2 68.8mmHg,剩余碱-3mmol/L,HCO3-25.6mmol/L、SaO2 90%、Na+146mmol/L、K+3.5mmol/L、Ca2+ 0.92mmol/L,Hb129g/L、红细胞压积38%。
 
继续给予葡萄糖酸钙1g静脉滴注,改手控辅助通气为机械正压通气,PEEP设置为10 cmH2O时气道压为31 cmH2O,听诊双肺湿啰音较之前明显减少,带气管导管转ICU继续治疗。出手术室前统计液体出入量,共输入晶体液1250ml,引流约500ml,出血约100ml,尿量3700ml。出室时SpO2100%,心率88次/min,血压110/64mmHg,呼吸机参数设置为PEEP5 cmH2O,气道压30~33 cmH2O。
 
转入ICU后,患者各项生命体征平稳,继续维持镇静镇痛状态,给予有创呼吸机辅助呼吸、抗感染、化痰、营养心肌以及纠正水电解质和内环境紊乱等处理,次日复查各项检查均恢复正常,成功拔除气管导管。2d后转出ICU,5d后出院,术后患者自述出现短期记忆力下降。
 
2.讨论
 
近年来,随着对宫腔镜手术并发症认识的深入,严重肺水肿发生率已经明显下降,该病例由于病情特殊性导致了临床上少见的严重致死性肺水肿,我们认为主要有几个方面的原因:
 
(1)该病例诊断为妊娠物残留,在手术中随着残留胎盘的去除,胎盘原附着部位的血窦逐渐暴露,由于膨宫压力较高,不利于血窦关闭;同时,患者存在子宫动静脉瘘,子宫动脉与静脉之间存在交通支,导致子宫腔内的动脉开放端压力降低,因此,大量膨宫液在高膨宫压力下通过开放的血窦和动脉开放端被吸收入体内,并通过动静脉瘘交通支进入子宫静脉。近万毫升的膨宫液短时间吸收入血,导致液体过度负荷而引起急性左心功能衰竭和肺水肿。
 
(2)由于宫腔为闭合腔隙且容积小,宫腔镜手术在实施时需要一定的膨宫压力和膨宫液才能较好暴露宫腔。在本病例中,由于残留胎盘导致宫腔部分粘连,为了提供更好的操作空间,使用的膨宫压力为130mmHg,高于中华医学会妇产科学分会推荐的压力(低于100mmHg或小于平均动脉压),膨宫压力越高冲洗液吸收速度越快。
 
本例手术时间为90min,手术创面长时间暴露于高压的膨宫液中,使得大量膨宫液进入血循环,因此如果病情需要维持较高膨宫压力,应避免长时间维持,应将手术时间控制在1h以内。此外,宫腔镜术中体液超负荷和电解质紊乱的发生还与膨宫液种类有关。目前临床常用的膨宫液包括电解质液(如生理盐水、乳酸林格氏液)和非电解质液(如5%葡萄糖、5%甘露醇、3%山梨醇、1.5%甘氨酸),本例使用0.9%生理盐水作为膨宫液,其与人体血浆等渗等张,避免了使用非电解质液导致的低钠血症的发生,但有出现高氯性酸中毒的报道。
 
本例患者血钠正常,未监测血氯变化,但出现代谢性酸中毒伴低钾、低钙血症,考虑可能合并高氯血症。本例患者在机控呼吸状态下未出现肺水肿典型的临床征象,这可能与正压通气状态下肺泡内正压加速血管外肺水回流,掩盖了肺水肿症状有关。但在自主呼吸恢复后,胸腔内负压及肺泡负压可加速血管外肺水的生成,使得患者在容量严重超负荷的情况下迅速出现了肺水肿的表现,并很快出现SpO2下降及口鼻大量血性分泌物,伴随全身组织水肿和咽喉部水肿,甚至导致了左心衰竭,属于严重致死性肺水肿病例,如果抢救不及时可能危及患者生命。
 
虽然机械通气会掩盖肺水肿的症状,但一些早期的临床征象仍然对尽早识别肺水肿有帮助,其中气道阻力即为一个十分重要的指标,当气道阻力随手术进展进行性增高时,即使肺部听诊无明显的湿啰音,也应高度怀疑肺水肿的发生。
 
术中肺水肿的抢救应包括几个方面的内容:(1)应保证充分通气和供氧,对于采用喉罩通气的患者应立即改成气管插管,采用呼气末正压通气,一方面有利于肺部氧气弥散,另一方面有利于肺水肿的消退。(2)应给予大剂量速尿,减轻循环超负荷。由于大量利尿将导致循环容量的剧烈变化,因此,对于这类严重肺水肿患者应建立连续有创动脉监测,严密监测循环变化。(3)严重肺水肿发生往往伴随内环境剧烈变化,主要表现为稀释性低钾、低钠和缺氧后的代谢性酸中毒,而抢救过程中大量利尿导致的钾丢失也会加重机体的低钾程度。因此,在严重肺水肿救治过程中应严密监测内环境变化,及时纠正代谢性酸中毒和电解质紊乱。(4)激素的使用有利于稳定细胞溶酶体膜,扩张支气管,减轻毛细血管的通透性,从而减轻肺水肿的严重程度,有利于肺水肿的救治。
 
该病例给我们的提示在于:(1)对于可能造成膨宫液吸收增加的特殊疾病,术前手术医师应与麻醉医师、巡回护士充分沟通,提高认识和警惕性;(2)术中应尽量缩短手术时间,降低膨宫压力;(3)密切监测宫腔冲洗液出入量,当差值达到1000~2000ml时应尽快结束手术;(4)在宫腔镜手术时间达30~60min,可预防性静脉注射呋塞米20mg,防止肺水肿的发生。加强对肺水肿的监测,尤其是由机械正压通气转变为自主呼吸时需要足够的观察期,以评估血管外肺水渗出的严重程度。
 
原始出处:

贺腾,宋丽平,罗林丽.宫腔镜术中发生严重致死性肺水肿1例[J].广西医学,2018,(1):99-101. 

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    2019-01-02 jyzxjiangqin

    宫腔镜术中发生严重致死性肺水肿。

    0

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    2018-12-31 zyh4018

    不严格遵從宫腔镜手术規範是发生這樣的致命性并发症的最根本的原因!!!

    0

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    2018-12-28 小华子
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    2018-12-28 日月
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    2018-12-28 一天没事干

    很好的学习机会

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=357002, encodeId=8ddf35e002f5, content=宫腔镜术中发生严重致死性肺水肿。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Jan 02 20:28:08 CST 2019, time=2019-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356794, encodeId=0c0a356e9469, content=不严格遵從宫腔镜手术規範是发生這樣的致命性并发症的最根本的原因!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/10/28/3628e0b9a9377f351a54894178b67039.jpg, createdBy=442b1338925, createdName=zyh4018, createdTime=Mon Dec 31 05:44:11 CST 2018, time=2018-12-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1333425, encodeId=9f4613334256d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ce26423802' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#水肿#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64238, encryptionId=4ce26423802, topicName=水肿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKCRibWHQArPHdSkqP90U1HwwqlGeU7BUgzY240D3v2ibBDJ09ybkGkwOjxz7qRmngZaGlK1taX6hfA/132, createdBy=2e772500094, createdName=小华子, createdTime=Fri Dec 28 11:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418464, encodeId=bc14141846437, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=545d462842c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#宫腔镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46284, encryptionId=545d462842c, topicName=宫腔镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=692a3365960, createdName=日月, createdTime=Fri Dec 28 11:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1568264, encodeId=dfc815682641b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=569d8644eb9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致死性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86447, encryptionId=569d8644eb9, topicName=致死性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Fri Dec 28 11:26:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356592, encodeId=64ab356592fc, content=很好的学习机会, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/04/12/cd30eefc465f70dc4dad89bd57479781.jpg, createdBy=02be2318568, createdName=一天没事干, createdTime=Fri Dec 28 08:53:40 CST 2018, time=2018-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356556, encodeId=546235655603, content=宫腔镜术治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Dec 27 21:19:14 CST 2018, time=2018-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-27 jyzxjiangqin

    宫腔镜术治疗。

    0

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