三分钟读懂全新维生素A缺乏和防治指南

2016-06-23 佚名 医学界

2005年,世界卫生组织(WHO)、联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)和国际维生素A顾问组(IVACG)共同研究讨论,制定了《维生素A补充干预方案》,对于世界范围内的维生素A缺乏的防治,起到了积极的推动作用,特别是对发展中国家意义重大。 世界多个国家针对维生素A缺乏的预防提出了干预的措施,其中38个明确有维生素A缺乏的国家中92%的国家实施了定期大剂量维生素A补充干预,

2005年,世界卫生组织(WHO)、联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)和国际维生素A顾问组(IVACG)共同研究讨论,制定了《维生素A补充干预方案》,对于世界范围内的维生素A缺乏的防治,起到了积极的推动作用,特别是对发展中国家意义重大。

世界多个国家针对维生素A缺乏的预防提出了干预的措施,其中38个明确有维生素A缺乏的国家中92%的国家实施了定期大剂量维生素A补充干预,40个亚临床维生素A缺乏的国家中68%实施了定期补充干预,45个国家对孕妇实施了维生素A的补充干预。干预的结果表明:

  • 补充维生素A可以使麻疹的死亡率降低50%,腹泻的死亡率降低40%,儿童因疾病引起的死亡风险降低25~35%。

  • 补充维生素A可以降低儿童罹患慢性腹泻、传染性疾病(如麻疹)的风险,同时可以减少住院时间和医疗服务成本。

  • 补充维生素A可以降低孕妇维生素A缺乏的发生率,降低分娩风险,增加孕妇抗感染的能力,同时预防贫血的发生。

  • 补充维生素A可以增加血红蛋白浓度,提高铁的利用率,降低孕妇及婴幼儿贫血的发生率。

  • 补充维生素A可以降低夜盲症、干眼症和失明的发生风险。

  • 补充维生素A还能够提高免疫接种的成功率,减少出生缺陷,更多的研究正在进行中。

  • 关于维生素A的补充剂量,国际上采取的是定期大剂量的补充法(表),即每4-6个月补充一次,针对不同年龄,给予不同的剂量。报告同时强调,在有条件的地区,建议采取小剂量口服法(即每日或每周补充),安全性和依从性更高,是更值得推荐的维生素A补充方法。

    表 国际维生素A补充剂量建议

    2013年,由重庆市营养研究中心李廷玉教授牵头,参考了国际上的2005年的维生素A补充干预方案,并结合我国流行病学调查数据、研究进展及我国国情,制定了我国维生素A缺乏的诊断、治疗及预防建议,并发表在2013年《中华实用儿科临床杂志》上。新的指南和方案借鉴了国际上维生素A诊断和治疗的新标准,提出了维生素A缺乏的一级预防和二级预防策略:

  • 一级预防:每日膳食中的维生素A摄入量应达到RNI。提倡母乳喂养,并应在出生后及时添加维生素A和D,对母乳不足或无母乳的孩子指导其食用配方奶粉。在维生素A缺乏的高危地区,以及患有麻疹、腹泻、呼吸道感染、水痘等其他严重感染性疾病或蛋白质-能量营养不良的高危人群中执行预防性维生素A补充。 

  • 二级预防:针对早期可疑病例,进一步进行相对剂量反应试验(RDR试验)、暗适应检测等,对亚临床及边缘型维生素A缺乏者,除增加膳食中维生素A及β胡萝卜素的摄入外,可每天服用维生素A 1500-2000 IU,与1995年我国《亚临床状态维生素A缺乏的防治方案》中推荐的剂量相同。

  • 很多医务工作者以及广大家长对于维生素A的安全剂量存在疑虑,担心持续每日补充会引起过量或中毒。关于这一点《儿科学》教材和《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013)》均有明确的说明:

  • 急性中毒:一次性摄入大于300,000 IU维生素A才可能发生急性中毒;

  • 慢性中毒:每日摄入50,000-100,000 IU维生素A,连续服用6个月以上,才可能发生慢性中毒。

  • 《维生素A补充干预方案》中也明确了维生素A用于儿童的安全性:小于6个月的婴儿,一次性口服维生素A 50,000 IU;大于6个月的婴幼儿,一次性口服维生素A 100,000 IU;1-6岁的儿童,每日口服6000-10,000 IU的维生素A是不会引起中毒风险的安全剂量。

    因我国根据营养素摄入水平情况,推荐0-3岁婴幼儿人群进行维生素AD同时补充。因此,不得不强调一下维生素D的补充建议。2015年最新的《维生素D缺乏及维生素D缺乏性佝偻病防治建议》中针对胎儿期、儿童期和高危人群维生素D的补充同样给出了明确的建议:

  • 胎儿期:于妊娠后3个月补充维生素D 800-1000 IU/d,同时服用钙剂。如有条件,应监测血清25-(OH)D浓度,必要时应给予维生素D治疗,使25-(OH)D水平保持在正常范围。 

  • 儿童期:户外活动:平均户外活动应在1-2 h/d。6个月以内小婴儿不要直接阳光照射,以免皮肤损伤。维生素D补充:婴儿出生应该尽早开始补充维生素D 400-800 IU/d。 

  • 高危人群:早产儿、低出生体重儿、双胎儿,生后即应补充维生素D 800-1000 IU/d 。连用3个月后改为D 400-800 IU/d 。 

  • 与上一版指南相比,新的指南对维生素D的补充建议做了如下调整:维生素D的补充时机由出生后2周调整为出生即开始补充,且持续到青春期。足月新生儿补充剂量由400 IU/d调整为400-800 IU/d,并据地域、季节而调整。高危儿(早产儿、低出生体重儿、多胎儿)出生后补充剂量由800 IU/d调整为800-1000 IU/d,3月后补充剂量由400 IU/d调整为400-800 IU/d。

    我国属于中度亚临床维生素A缺乏国家,预防性补充维生素AD对于中国婴幼儿人群来说非常有必要。结合我国《儿科学》、《儿童微量营养素缺乏防治建议》、《亚临床状态维生素A缺乏防治方案》、《维生素D缺乏性佝偻病防治建议》、《中国国家处方集(儿童版)》等多重权威推荐:婴幼儿应每日补充维生素AD制剂,1岁以内婴儿推荐剂量为维生素A 1500 IU、维生素D 500 IU,1~3岁幼儿推荐剂量为维生素A 2000 IU、维生素D 700 IU,以满足不同年龄段婴幼儿的营养需要,以及降低相关疾病的发生风险。

    参考文献:

    1.Innocenti micronutrient report[N], 2005.

    2.WHO 6-59月龄婴儿和儿童补充维生素A, 2011.

    3.世界卫生组织儿童基本药物标准清单, 2009.

    4.亚临床状态维生素A缺乏的防治方案, 中华儿科杂志, 1995.

    5.维生素A缺乏的诊断、治疗及预防, 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2010.

    6.中国儿童维生素A 缺乏与贫血关系分析, 中国儿童保健杂志, 2003.

    7.维生素D缺乏性佝偻病防治建议, 中国儿童保健杂志, 2015.

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      2016-08-28 ylzr123

      深度好文,值得学习,赞!

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      2016-06-25 wwzzly
    4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2078309, encodeId=9bc820e830959, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b6c09e42962' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#防治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97429, encryptionId=b6c09e42962, topicName=防治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=322359, createdName=bioon3, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 18:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106338, encodeId=d32f10633818, content=深度好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sun Aug 28 15:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1420004, encodeId=7f4214200044d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ae62e905291' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#维生素A#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79052, encryptionId=ae62e905291, topicName=维生素A)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c60e3553736, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Sat Jun 25 02:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90949, encodeId=ebb19094974, content=这个很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=171, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90950, encodeId=22449095008, content=值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90926, encodeId=e1d79092665, content=维生素A对多种皮肤角化疾病等都有治疗作用,而且在安全计量内即可, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM5rqTiaMSVSkFAupcTECOTdcVRmJQXbibJoicv5ibhcpa0vj5MGmac8wlPjuGnJISZGtOnC7rW0gbLuSE7iaEvAn0CC52ZhnRLdxtlQ/0, createdBy=1e291737907, createdName=1df01bccm39(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jun 23 12:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90925, encodeId=fd299092522, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 12:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
      2016-06-23 milkshark

      这个很好

      0

    5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2078309, encodeId=9bc820e830959, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b6c09e42962' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#防治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97429, encryptionId=b6c09e42962, topicName=防治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=322359, createdName=bioon3, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 18:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106338, encodeId=d32f10633818, content=深度好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sun Aug 28 15:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1420004, encodeId=7f4214200044d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ae62e905291' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#维生素A#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79052, encryptionId=ae62e905291, topicName=维生素A)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c60e3553736, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Sat Jun 25 02:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90949, encodeId=ebb19094974, content=这个很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=171, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90950, encodeId=22449095008, content=值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90926, encodeId=e1d79092665, content=维生素A对多种皮肤角化疾病等都有治疗作用,而且在安全计量内即可, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM5rqTiaMSVSkFAupcTECOTdcVRmJQXbibJoicv5ibhcpa0vj5MGmac8wlPjuGnJISZGtOnC7rW0gbLuSE7iaEvAn0CC52ZhnRLdxtlQ/0, createdBy=1e291737907, createdName=1df01bccm39(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jun 23 12:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90925, encodeId=fd299092522, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 12:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
      2016-06-23 milkshark

      值得收藏

      0

    6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2078309, encodeId=9bc820e830959, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b6c09e42962' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#防治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97429, encryptionId=b6c09e42962, topicName=防治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=322359, createdName=bioon3, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 18:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106338, encodeId=d32f10633818, content=深度好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sun Aug 28 15:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1420004, encodeId=7f4214200044d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ae62e905291' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#维生素A#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79052, encryptionId=ae62e905291, topicName=维生素A)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c60e3553736, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Sat Jun 25 02:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90949, encodeId=ebb19094974, content=这个很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=171, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90950, encodeId=22449095008, content=值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90926, encodeId=e1d79092665, content=维生素A对多种皮肤角化疾病等都有治疗作用,而且在安全计量内即可, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM5rqTiaMSVSkFAupcTECOTdcVRmJQXbibJoicv5ibhcpa0vj5MGmac8wlPjuGnJISZGtOnC7rW0gbLuSE7iaEvAn0CC52ZhnRLdxtlQ/0, createdBy=1e291737907, createdName=1df01bccm39(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jun 23 12:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90925, encodeId=fd299092522, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 12:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
      2016-06-23 1df01bccm39(暂无匿称)

      维生素A对多种皮肤角化疾病等都有治疗作用,而且在安全计量内即可

      0

    7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2078309, encodeId=9bc820e830959, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b6c09e42962' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#防治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97429, encryptionId=b6c09e42962, topicName=防治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=322359, createdName=bioon3, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 18:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106338, encodeId=d32f10633818, content=深度好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sun Aug 28 15:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1420004, encodeId=7f4214200044d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ae62e905291' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#维生素A#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79052, encryptionId=ae62e905291, topicName=维生素A)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c60e3553736, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Sat Jun 25 02:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90949, encodeId=ebb19094974, content=这个很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=171, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90950, encodeId=22449095008, content=值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90926, encodeId=e1d79092665, content=维生素A对多种皮肤角化疾病等都有治疗作用,而且在安全计量内即可, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM5rqTiaMSVSkFAupcTECOTdcVRmJQXbibJoicv5ibhcpa0vj5MGmac8wlPjuGnJISZGtOnC7rW0gbLuSE7iaEvAn0CC52ZhnRLdxtlQ/0, createdBy=1e291737907, createdName=1df01bccm39(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jun 23 12:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90925, encodeId=fd299092522, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 12:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
      2016-06-23 忠诚向上

      好好学习

      0

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