知情同意: 不仅仅是一个签名!

2016-03-03 肖明朝 患者安全

Informedconsent:Morethangettingasignature 编译自TheJointCommission.QuickSafetyIssue21February2016 图片来自网络 【问题】 有效的知情同意是患者能够完全理解并同意接受即将实施的治疗或手术,完成这个过程并非简单,需要多重挑战。即使患者已经签署知情同意书,他们也常常并不了解

Informedconsent:Morethangettingasignature

编译自TheJointCommission.QuickSafetyIssue21February2016
图片来自网络

【问题】

有效的知情同意是患者能够完全理解并同意接受即将实施的治疗或手术,完成这个过程并非简单,需要多重挑战。即使患者已经签署知情同意书,他们也常常并不了解治疗或手术中所涉及的危险、利益和替代方案,而所有这些都需要患者有效授权。

简而言之,在医疗过程中,知情同意是临床医生与患者之间的沟通过程,目的是获得患者对其即将接受某种特定医学干预的授权或同意。在与患者沟通的过程中,临床医生病也有意获取同意凭证以记录他们的法律和道德责任。


然而令人遗憾的是,大多数临床医生与患者沟通交流的有效性不尽相同,当对获取患者在知情同意书上签名却很看重。沟通问题仍然是美国医院评审联合委员会(TheJointCommission,TJC)警讯事件数据库不良事件根因分析中最常见的原因。获得知情同意的过程是人本医疗的一个重要方面,是患者安全的核心点。TJC警讯事件数据库记录了自2010年以来44例与知情同意相关的警讯事件,其中32例与手术部位错误相关,5例与手术或术后并发症相关,其余分别为患者出逃、跌倒、用药错误以及自杀。

 

【影响理解的那些障碍】

患者对知情同意缺乏理解的原因很多,重要包括:

1.同意书上缺乏基本信息。一项研究发现,现今只有26.4%的同意书中列出了知情同意的四个基本要素-手术或操作目的、危险、利益和替代方案。

2.无效的医患沟通和缺乏医患间共同决策环节。有效的医患沟通和共同决策对增强知情同意过程的重要性是显而易见的。加强对患者及家属的信息沟通可增进他们对医护人员的信任,即使在系统故障或本可以预防的人为错误而导致的非故意的伤害面前,也可得到理解。

3.在选择知情同意沟通方式和准备相关材料时,缺乏对患者的健康素质状况的考虑。最近的一项研究表明,在围手术期,采用一种新的基于健康素质的知情同意方式和步骤可以促进医患沟通,改善患者问询时的舒适感,提高“教回”方法(TeachBack)的应用。(TeachBack:一种基于健康素养的技术,指医务人员对患者讲述医疗信息后,请患者用自己的语言重新复述其中的关键内容。)


4.在选择知情同意沟通方式和准备相关材料时,对患者文化差异问题考虑欠周。文化敏感度对于获得知情同意是至关重要的。在一些地区及人群文化中,决策者并不是个体而是由群体指定的;口头上同意而在纸上签字却内容相左,缺乏信任;非法移民可能由于害怕被驱逐出境而抵触签字;对于一些亚洲移民患者来说,医生必须要与族长或由家庭指定的男性进行商议。


【参考建议】

1.医疗机构可以通过以下事项改善知情同意的过程,提高患者安全性:

(1)强调“知情同意”概念是一个医患间有效沟通的过程,而不仅是同意书上的一个签名。

(2)医疗保健知情同意的书面规则应简明易懂,包括:

要求书面同意的手术或操作

进行知情同意手术或操作的专业作用

进行医疗信息解释的专业人员

代替患者做出决策的代言人作用

知情同意的时效性

完整的知情同意过程的目的意义

知情同意文件的编制和签署确认过程

可供医生用来与患者进行有效知情同意过程的相关工具和资源


(3)向医生提供有效医患沟通、决策共享,知情同意和患者安全的正式培训计划。
(4)简化知情同意文件、患者教育资料的内容及篇幅,语言易懂。
(5)对健康素质、英语水平受限或视觉/听力障碍的患者制定制度,有效干预,并强调使用合格的医疗解释人员。
(6)基于患者文化和语言的偏好,提供合适的交流工具和材料。
(7)提供改善医患间决策共享的工具。
(8)为医生提供有效沟通工具来评估患者的理解能力,以及随后核实对话消除误解。

2.医务人员通过以下事项落实知情同意的过程,增强患者安全性:

(1)确保患者已经理解了知情内容,知情同意是真实的。

(2)不要想当然地认为患者理解同意书上的医学术语。仅靠一纸知情同意书对知情同意是不够的,可以利用辅助决策系统、互动媒体、图形工具和其他辅助手段加强共享决策,在共享决策过程中,有效评估和介绍风险。

(3)使用日常用语,而不是医学术语与患者或替代决策者沟通。

(4)基于患者的文化或语言的偏好,利用合适的沟通材料并给予患者较充裕的时间来考虑提供的信息。

(5)利用健康素质的筛查工具和医疗解释服务,为健康素质低和/或英语水平有限的患者提供帮助,以此克服语言障碍。

(6)提高患者参与的积极性、采用患者参与技术、开放式问题以引到患者相关需求和偏好等信息,鼓励患者提问。

(7)使用诸如TeachBack方法等工具以确定患者是否理解治疗的危险、利益和替代方案。TeachBack可以帮助患者和临床医生关注什么是最重要的。


【参考文献】略

原文:http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/23/Quick_Safety_Issue_Twenty-One_February_2016.pdf
翻译:谢燕重庆医科大学附属第一医院青杠老年护养中心
审校:肖明朝重庆医科大学附属第一医院

来源:患者安全微信号授权转载,作者:肖明朝

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    2016-03-03 1de6a4a6m46(暂无匿称)

    看看

    0

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    2016-03-03 1de07360m07(暂无匿称)

    看看

    0

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    2016-03-03 harry37640

    就差这个了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1512383, encodeId=fdcb15123835a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6863e314797' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#知情同意#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73147, encryptionId=6863e314797, topicName=知情同意)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c1a410466491, createdName=1249862am75(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Mar 05 04:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67099, encodeId=901c6e099ec, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e3131695284, createdName=1de6a4a6m46(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Mar 03 21:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67078, encodeId=3dc06e07805, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3bd31668701, createdName=1de07360m07(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Mar 03 18:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67048, encodeId=dcee6e048e4, content=就差这个了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=86be1670731, createdName=harry37640, createdTime=Thu Mar 03 17:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67033, encodeId=6e066e03302, content=在中国,就是你不住的签字………不住的知情同意………不住的谈话…………, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Thu Mar 03 15:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67029, encodeId=a1ed6e029b6, content=更多的是知情权与责任, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Thu Mar 03 14:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-03 午夜星河

    在中国,就是你不住的签字………不住的知情同意………不住的谈话…………

    0

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    2016-03-03 老段

    更多的是知情权与责任

    0

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