Nature:华大发布非人灵长类动物全细胞图谱,助力人类疾病研究

2022-04-16 “生物世界”公众号 “生物世界”公众号

这是全球首个非人灵长类动物(猕猴)全身器官细胞图谱,该图谱将被用于物种进化、人类疾病以及药物评价和筛选相关的研究,为生物医学的发展提供基础性的资源和工具,为疾病诊疗、靶向药物开发提供助力,为人类更好地

2022年4月13日,深圳华大生命科学研究院领衔的多国科研团队在 Nature 期刊发表了题为:Cell transcriptomic atlas of the non-human primate Macaca fascicularis 的研究论文。

这是全球首个非人灵长类动物(猕猴)全身器官细胞图谱,该图谱将被用于物种进化、人类疾病以及药物评价和筛选相关的研究,为生物医学的发展提供基础性的资源和工具,为疾病诊疗、靶向药物开发提供助力,为人类更好地探究生命的进化提供可能。

21世纪初,人类基因组草图的问世为生命科学研究谱写了一本生命“天书”,为生命的数字化提供了基础。然而,遗传信息是由细胞携带的,目前,人类对自身细胞的认识还很有限,全面解码细胞的数字化特征将推动生命科学的研究,为生物医学的发展提供基础性的资源和工具。为此,研究人员将目光投向了和人的基因相似度高达93%的猕猴,绘制了一张猕猴的全身器官的细胞图谱。

“这个图谱就像一张‘地图’,有了它就相当于有了一个探索生命细胞分辨率的高精度仪器,可以‘看到’每个器官都有哪些细胞,还可以精细到每个细胞里具体的分子特征及与其他细胞的互作关系。”论文的第一作者、深圳华大生命科学研究院韩磊博士介绍说,“这为我们更好地认识生命的基本结构,探究疾病和细胞的关系打下了基础,也为疾病的精准治疗提供了新的方向。”

研究团队基于华大自主研发的单细胞建库和测序平台对成年猕猴的45个器官的约114万个细胞进行了单细胞测序分析,将其分成了113种主要的细胞类型和463种细胞亚类,并搭建了非人灵长类动物百万单细胞交互式资源网站。

非人灵长类动物百万单细胞交互式资源网站截图

“非人灵长类动物相比其他模式动物,在人类疾病特别是认知和神经系统疾病研究中具有显着优势,” 论文的共同通讯作者之一、深圳华大生命科学研究院刘龙奇表示,“猕猴全细胞图谱将为人类疾病机制和临床前研究提供丰富的信息,开拓新的视野。”

为器官损伤修复提供方向

我们身体里的各个组织中存在着许多共有的细胞类型,这些细胞类型由于所处的组织环境不同具有不同的分子特征。比如肝脏和肾脏有一部分细胞的类型可能是相同的。利用非人灵长类细胞图谱,研究者找到了各个组织的共有细胞类型及其“特有标签”(特异性标记基因),这对于了解这些共有细胞在不同组织里发挥不同功能提供了分子层面的证据。

同时,研究人员还发现了多种存在于各个组织中的具有分化潜能的细胞,这类细胞或可为之后各类器官损伤修复提供细胞来源,为哺乳动物组织再生研究提供新的思路。

为预防和治疗病毒性传染病及遗传疾病提供数据支持

基于该图谱,研究人员构建了包含新冠、乙肝、狂犬病毒等126种病毒易感细胞类型的病毒数据库,这就像一本“病毒字典”,可以通过它快速查询病毒最有可能侵染的细胞类型,同时看到该细胞类型可能分布的器官。有了它,医生在检查新冠肺炎确诊患者肺部情况的时候,可能也会同步检查肾脏、肝脏和胆囊。因为“病毒字典”里提到,这几个器官同样分布有新冠病毒可能感染的细胞。

除了病毒导致的疾病,研究人员也可以输入特定遗传疾病的致病基因或遗传位点来查询该疾病可能的致病细胞类型。

为缩短药物研发时间提供助力

众所周知,药物研发花费巨大,耗时长。其中的第一步“药物初选”就要从成千上万种药物中筛选出几种相对有效的药物,这就需要耗费非常长的时间,且研究人员无法对每一种药物都进行动物试验。

而通过这个细胞图谱,研究人员就可以针对靶向的细胞,检测该细胞对于这些药物的反应,从而快速选出几种有效的药物,再进行动物试验。这将大大缩短大规模药物筛选的时间,有助于靶向药的研发和精准治疗。

“大规模细胞图谱的绘制工作,对于我们理解器官结构组成、胚胎发育和衰老、人类疾病及生命演化等都具有重要的意义。未来我们还将开发更高通量的单细胞技术以及具备空间分辨率的多组学技术,为全面构建生命单细胞分辨率的时空图谱提供重要工具。”论文的共同通讯作者之一、深圳华大生命科学研究院院长徐讯表示,“同时细胞图谱数据正在迅速增长,其中蕴含巨大的信息量,这些数据解读和挖掘工作需要全球科学家的共同协作和努力。”

该图谱的绘制,离不开单细胞测序技术的进步和测序成本的下降。在过去,要绘制这样一张“地图“,需要大量的时间及高昂的实验成本。而如今,基于华大自主开发的单细胞建库平台(DNBelab C4)和DNBSEQ测序技术,世界各地的领域专家及科研工作者可以以低成本、高通量、高灵敏度和准确性的方法进行大规模的单细胞测序分析,为整个生命科学领域提供了一系列宝贵的数据资源。

本研究由深圳华大生命科学研究院联合北京华大生命科学研究院、深圳国家基因库、吉林大学、中国科学院广州生物医药与健康研究院、瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院、英国剑桥大学、西班牙ICREA研究所、新加坡ASTAR等来自6个国家的35个科研团队共同参与完成。韩磊、魏小雨、刘传宇、庄镇堃、邹轩轩、王智锋和 Giacomo Volpe 为该论文的共同第一作者,刘龙奇、徐讯、侯勇和 Miguel A. Esteban 为论文的共同通讯作者。本研究已通过伦理审查,严格遵循相应法规和伦理准则。

原始出处:

Han, L., Wei, X., Liu, C. et al. Cell transcriptomic atlas of the non-human primate Macaca fascicularis. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04587-3.

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    2022-07-11 liye789132251
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    2022-12-17 lg.zhao
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