A&R:全身性幼年特发性关节炎的肺部疾病和药物过敏样反应的难题

2022-07-15 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

两位作者提出细胞因子可塑性假说,提出IL-1和IL-6阻断剂调节T细胞发育的环境,导致通过暴露于常见微生物或其他外源性或内源性抗原引发的的病理免疫反应。

一种不寻常的肺部疾病已经开始影响一些患有全身性幼年特发性关节炎(JIA)的儿童,这与白细胞介素1 (IL-1)IL-6拮抗剂的使用增加相吻合。许多患有全身性JIA相关肺病(SJIA-LD)的儿童有类似嗜酸性粒细胞增多症和全身症状(DRESS)的药物反应的临床和实验室特征病史,这种表现与HLA-DRB1*15相关。在有药物过敏综合征(DIHS)样反应的患者中,82%SJIA-LD72%没有SJIA-LD的患者表达DRB1*15:XX;因此,该等位基因是DIHS样反应的风险因素,而不是独立于此类反应的SJIA-LD。然而,由于SJIA-LD主要发生在具有DIHS样反应的患者中,因此这两类表型密切相关。巨噬细胞活化综合征MAS)在有DIHS样反应的患者中也更为常见(64%3%在耐药对照组中),这促使作者推测DRESS可能直接引发MASDRESS的治疗通常需要停药,这对于依赖这些药物的临床医生和家庭来说是一个令人生畏的前景。

在这里,两位作者回顾了SJIA-LD及其相关的DRESS样表型,提出了另一种解释,即细胞因子可塑性假说,提出IL-1IL-6阻断剂调节T细胞发育的环境,导致通过暴露于常见微生物或其他外源性或内源性抗原引发的病理免疫反应,而不是药物本身。这一假设在机制和临床意义上都不同于DRESS,预测控制致病性T细胞可能允许在某些个体中继续使用IL-1IL-6拮抗剂。

在嗜酸性粒细胞增多和全身症状(DRESS)假设的药物反应中,IL-1IL-6拮抗剂会改变MHC II CD4+ T细胞的抗原呈递,从而导致Th2主导的DRESS。许多DRESS反应涉及疱疹病毒再激活和CD8+ T细胞激活,这些因素尚待在全身性JIA中进行研究。然后,DRESS可能通过未知途径患上巨噬细胞活化综合征(MAS)/或系统性JIA相关肺病(SJIA-LD)。在细胞因子可塑性假设下,全身性JIA中升高的IL-1IL-6水平导致CD4+ ThTreg细胞中的Th17升高。阻断IL-1IL-6可将这些细胞转化为产生干扰素-γ(IFNγ)Th1细胞和/或产生IL-4Th2细胞,特别是识别HLA-DRB1*15:XX呈递抗原的CD4+ T 细胞(外源性或内源性)。一些不经治疗的患者可能也会经历类似的转变。由此产生的克隆通过未知途径导致DRESS样反应和/ SJIA-LD。危险因素包括严重的全身性JIAIL-18CXCL9CXCL10水平升高;年轻;21 三体。这些假设之间的关键区别在于IL-1IL-6阻断剂的贡献。

这两个假设提供了一个概念框架,将指导对SJIA-LD发病机制的研究,并可能为全身性JIA患者开辟新的治疗途径。

出处:Binstadt, B.A. and Nigrovic, P.A. (2022), The Conundrum of Lung Disease and Drug Hypersensitivity-like Reactions in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol, 74: 1122-1131. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42137

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    2022-07-16 lmm397
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