Circulation:微血管性心绞痛全新诊断标准,立即收藏起来

2018-12-21 MedSci MedSci原创

微血管性心绞痛(MVA)通常用于描述在没有冠状动脉疾病(CAD)的情况下,由冠状动脉微血管功能障碍(CMD)引起的心肌缺血。原发性MVA是指冠状动脉造影完全正常,并且没有临床可识别的CMD和心肌缺血原因。MVA既可以在糖尿病、风湿性疾病和CAD患者中发生,也可以在心肌病和心脏瓣膜病(如主动脉瓣狭窄)患者中发生。本文针对的是在没有阻塞性CAD的情况下,有稳定性心绞痛或心绞痛等同症状(equiva

血管性心绞痛(MVA)通常用于描述在没有冠状动脉疾病(CAD)的情况下,由冠状动脉微血管功能障碍(CMD)引起的心肌缺血。原发性MVA是指冠状动脉造影完全正常,并且没有临床可识别的CMD和心肌缺血原因。MVA既可以在糖尿病、风湿性疾病和CAD患者中发生,也可以在心肌病和心脏瓣膜病(如主动脉瓣狭窄)患者中发生。

本文针对的是在没有阻塞性CAD的情况下,有稳定性心绞痛或心绞痛等同症状(equivalent symptoms)以及有证据表明是心肌缺血由冠状动脉血流储备(CFR)减少或微血管痉挛引起的患者,主要探讨MVA的临床表现和诊断

MVA的患病率

目前已知大量患者在没有梗阻性CAD的情况下患有心绞痛,根据NCDR(国家心血管数据登记处)和WISE(女性缺血综合征评估)数据库估算,美国有300~400万有心绞痛症状的女性和男性可能没有阻塞性CAD。

此外,美国一项大型登记处的数据显示,在398,978名接受诊断性冠状动脉造影以评估稳定性心绞痛的患者中,>60%的患者冠状动脉正常或无阻塞性CAD(狭窄<50%)。这一发现格外引人注目,因为该研究中有大部分个体至少有一项传统的CAD危险因素,69%的患者通过非侵入性诊断检查评估出现短暂性心肌缺血。

但需要指出的是,在没有阻塞性CAD的情况下发生胸痛,并不一定等同于MVA。因此,真正的MVA患病率可能低于无阻塞性CAD的心绞痛患病率。

MVA的临床表现

稳定型MVA以劳累诱发症状为特点,类似于阻塞性CAD引发的心绞痛。然而,MVA患者往往也有静息心绞痛,且心绞痛阈值可变,提示冠状动脉血管舒缩动态改变。其他有助于鉴别MVA的临床差异包括,在许多情况下,长时间的胸痛发作和对舌下硝酸脂类药物的反应较差。

原发性MVA在围绝经期和绝经后女性中比在男性中更为常见,但不应该认为这种情况只会发生在女性中。值得注意的是,非典型胸痛和劳力性呼吸困难都是MVA的常见症状,尤其是女性。有卵巢切除术病史和在月经周期特定阶段症状加重的患者,应注意MVA的存在。雌激素缺乏与胸痛和冠状动脉造影正常患者的心绞痛发生有关。

在继发于心肌病、心脏瓣膜病和全身性疾病的MVA患者中,也存在这些典型症状和体征。

MVA的诊断标准

最近,COVADIS(冠状动脉血管舒缩功能障碍)研究组提出了以下MVA诊断标准:心肌缺血的体征和症状;CFR减少(定义为冠状动脉血管接近最大扩张期间CBF与基线CBF的比值)或微血管痉挛;有心肌缺血的证据,但不是由阻塞性CAD引发,而是由冠状动脉微循环部位的功能或结构异常引起的。以下线索有助于诊断MVA:

1. 心肌缺血的症状

典型的胸痛提示可能存在缺血,但胸痛在MVA患者中可能不典型。存在劳力和静息心绞痛,表明可能同时存在冠状动脉微血管扩张功能减弱和微血管(或心外膜)痉挛。仅存在静息心绞痛时,心外膜或微血管痉挛为主要机制。


2. 无阻塞性CAD或客观证据表明CAD与心肌缺血无关

血管造影排除了动脉粥样硬化,或狭窄对冠状动脉生理没有影响(即血流储备分数正常),强烈提示症状起源于微血管。

3. 有心肌缺血的客观证据

证据包括通过12导联运动负荷试验心电图或12导联动态心电图监测到胸痛期间典型的ST段改变,或负荷超声心动图、单光子发射断层扫描(SPECT)或心脏磁共振灌注成像发现缺血。

在相当大比例的MVA患者中,尽管存在缺血,这些影像学检查仍会给出阴性结果,因为与阻塞性CAD相反,心肌缺血与MVA范围并不一致,而且在许多情况下,缺血可能局限于心内膜下。

4. 有冠状动脉微血管功能障碍的证据

在血管造影期间,可以冠状动脉内注射腺苷和乙酰胆碱(Ach)观察CMD(CFR减少或微血管痉挛)。后者被认为是评估内皮依赖性冠状动脉扩张的金标准。腺苷是一种强效的冠状动脉微循环扩张药物,在导管室用于评估血流储备分数、CFR和微循环阻力指数(IMR)。 

CFR反映了受心外膜和微血管区影响的CBF变化,在没有阻塞性CAD的情况下,CFR是CMD的良好标志物。IMR被认为独立于血流动力学变化,可重复评估CMD。最近的文章强调,血流储备分数和IMR分别能更具体地评估心外膜血管和冠状动脉微血管反应。此外,最近的数据表明,测量IMR可能对ACS患者的预后有价值。

CMD的无创评估可以通过正电子发射断层扫描(PET)、心脏磁共振和左冠状动脉前降支CBF的脉冲波多普勒评估进行。

2012年,Ong等报道,在劳力性稳定性心绞痛和非阻塞性CAD(约占总研究人群的50%)患者中,诊断性血管造影时,冠状动脉内注射Ach会导致>60%患者的远端心外膜痉挛或微血管痉挛。

然而,冠状动脉微血管痉挛是一项具有挑战性的诊断,因为当存在内皮功能障碍时,冠状动脉内注射ACh可能同时影响心外膜血管和微血管,因此难以单独诊断微血管痉挛。麦角新碱是一种作用于冠状动脉5-羟色胺受体的麦角生物碱,也被广泛用于冠状动脉痉挛的诊断,其结果与ACh类似。当由经验丰富的操作者执行并遵循适当的药物给药方案时,两种检查都是安全的。

表  MVA的临床诊断标准

图  MVA和冠脉微血管功能障碍的诊断和评估流程

原始出处:

Juan-Carlos Kaski, Filippo Crea, Bernard J. Gersh, Paolo G. Camici. Reappraisal of Ischemic Heart Disease: Fundamental Role of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Angina Pectoris. Circulation. 2018; 138: 1463–1480.

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1915288, encodeId=db8e191528805, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e381586e94d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58679, encryptionId=e381586e94d, topicName=新诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sun Apr 14 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1812356, encodeId=462618123565c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9ff9896405e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89640, encryptionId=9ff9896405e, topicName=血管性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Sat Aug 31 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365361, encodeId=76581365361b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2a2150e76fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微血管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50776, encryptionId=2a2150e76fd, topicName=微血管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=669d219, createdName=mgqwxj, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1385022, encodeId=4f7913850222b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=354691625f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断标准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91625, encryptionId=354691625f1, topicName=诊断标准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356119, encodeId=f9213561199f, content=太深奥了,看不懂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ef781002, createdName=topnew, createdTime=Sat Dec 22 20:52:06 CST 2018, time=2018-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-14 rgjl
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1915288, encodeId=db8e191528805, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e381586e94d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58679, encryptionId=e381586e94d, topicName=新诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sun Apr 14 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1812356, encodeId=462618123565c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9ff9896405e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89640, encryptionId=9ff9896405e, topicName=血管性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Sat Aug 31 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365361, encodeId=76581365361b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2a2150e76fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微血管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50776, encryptionId=2a2150e76fd, topicName=微血管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=669d219, createdName=mgqwxj, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1385022, encodeId=4f7913850222b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=354691625f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断标准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91625, encryptionId=354691625f1, topicName=诊断标准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356119, encodeId=f9213561199f, content=太深奥了,看不懂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ef781002, createdName=topnew, createdTime=Sat Dec 22 20:52:06 CST 2018, time=2018-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1915288, encodeId=db8e191528805, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e381586e94d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58679, encryptionId=e381586e94d, topicName=新诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sun Apr 14 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1812356, encodeId=462618123565c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9ff9896405e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89640, encryptionId=9ff9896405e, topicName=血管性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Sat Aug 31 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365361, encodeId=76581365361b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2a2150e76fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微血管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50776, encryptionId=2a2150e76fd, topicName=微血管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=669d219, createdName=mgqwxj, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1385022, encodeId=4f7913850222b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=354691625f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断标准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91625, encryptionId=354691625f1, topicName=诊断标准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356119, encodeId=f9213561199f, content=太深奥了,看不懂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ef781002, createdName=topnew, createdTime=Sat Dec 22 20:52:06 CST 2018, time=2018-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-23 mgqwxj
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1915288, encodeId=db8e191528805, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e381586e94d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58679, encryptionId=e381586e94d, topicName=新诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sun Apr 14 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1812356, encodeId=462618123565c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9ff9896405e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89640, encryptionId=9ff9896405e, topicName=血管性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Sat Aug 31 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365361, encodeId=76581365361b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2a2150e76fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微血管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50776, encryptionId=2a2150e76fd, topicName=微血管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=669d219, createdName=mgqwxj, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1385022, encodeId=4f7913850222b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=354691625f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断标准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91625, encryptionId=354691625f1, topicName=诊断标准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356119, encodeId=f9213561199f, content=太深奥了,看不懂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ef781002, createdName=topnew, createdTime=Sat Dec 22 20:52:06 CST 2018, time=2018-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1915288, encodeId=db8e191528805, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e381586e94d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58679, encryptionId=e381586e94d, topicName=新诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sun Apr 14 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1812356, encodeId=462618123565c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9ff9896405e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89640, encryptionId=9ff9896405e, topicName=血管性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Sat Aug 31 18:10:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365361, encodeId=76581365361b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2a2150e76fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微血管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50776, encryptionId=2a2150e76fd, topicName=微血管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=669d219, createdName=mgqwxj, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1385022, encodeId=4f7913850222b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=354691625f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断标准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91625, encryptionId=354691625f1, topicName=诊断标准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 01:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356119, encodeId=f9213561199f, content=太深奥了,看不懂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ef781002, createdName=topnew, createdTime=Sat Dec 22 20:52:06 CST 2018, time=2018-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-22 topnew

    太深奥了,看不懂

    0