Nephrol Dial Transplant:肾科医生的挑战:诊断非典型轻链沉积病

2014-12-05 kidney1234567 丁香园

轻链沉积病(LCDD)是一种少见的由浆细胞异常增生所导致的单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积的系统性疾病,几乎均有肾脏受累。LCDD中肾脏损害的典型特征包括:结节性肾小球硬化,单克隆免疫球蛋白轻链(最常见的是κ轻链)沿肾小管基底膜(TBM)线性沉积和肾病综合征范围内的蛋白尿。 LCDD是肾小球疾病的代表,很少有病例报道仅有肾小管间质症状而不伴肾小球症状的LCDD,因此这种病例的临床和病例特点还有待进一步描

轻链沉积病(LCDD)是一种少见的由浆细胞异常增生所导致的单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积的系统性疾病,几乎均有肾脏受累。LCDD中肾脏损害的典型特征包括:结节性肾小球硬化,单克隆免疫球蛋白轻链(最常见的是κ轻链)沿肾小管基底膜(TBM)线性沉积和肾病综合征范围内的蛋白尿。

LCDD是肾小球疾病的代表,很少有病例报道仅有肾小管间质症状而不伴肾小球症状的LCDD,因此这种病例的临床和病例特点还有待进一步描述。由于单克隆球蛋白的检测在非肾病综合征范围蛋白尿的患者中不是常规检查,因此以肾小管间质损伤为主的LCDD病例的诊断成为了对肾科医生的挑战。

法国的Sicard等通过一项多中心回顾性研究发现尽管没有肾小球的症状,LCDD仍然可以导致严重的肾功能不全。早期识别LCDD并引入靶向异常浆细胞增殖的化疗可能保存长期肾脏预后。相关结果发表在近期的NDT杂志上。

1986年至2011年期间,研究者从法国7家肾病中心中收纳的14例肾活检证实为肾脏LCDD病变,并且诊断为蛋白尿<0.5g/d的患者。以常规电泳和免疫固定电泳进行血清和尿液的单克隆免疫球蛋白的检测。根据国际骨髓瘤工作组的标准诊断多发性骨髓瘤(MM),根据Durie和Salmon分期系统对MM进行分期。意义未明单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS)根据骨髓异常增多的浆细胞比例<10%的标准来定义。

血液学应答定义为:血清中单克隆成分的浓度下降>50%以上。肾脏应答定义为:(1)完全应答:估测的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)改善至≥60 ml/min/1.73m2;(2)部分应答:eGFR 升至(50-60)ml/min/1.73m2;(3)轻微应答:eGFR 升至(25-50)ml/min/1.73m2;(4)无应答。所有患者均行基线时肾脏和血液学评价。在第1年,第3年,第5年和/或最后一次随访时评估患者和肾脏的生存情况。

研究入选患者的中位年龄是68岁(50-80岁),男性8例,女性6例。基线血肌酐中位水平是281(136-594)umon/L,eGFR中位水平是20(6-48)ml/min/1.73m2(MDRD公式计算),蛋白尿中位水平是0.3(0.01-0.5)g/d。仅有4例患者存在微量血尿,大部分患者(10/14)有高血压。没有患者具有显著的LCDD肾外表现。

在12例患者(86%)的血清中检测到单克隆的免疫球蛋白(M蛋白)(2例是IgMκ亚型,2例是IgAκ亚型,3例是IgGκ亚型,4例是单独κ轻链亚型,1例是IgMκ和IgGκ双克隆球蛋白亚型)。8例患者(57%)尿液中检测到M蛋白(7例是单独κ轻链亚型,1例是IgGκ亚型)。6例患者检测了血清游离轻链(FLC)水平,观察到血清κFLC水平升高,中位水平是427(77-2400)mg/L,中位κ/λ比值为55(4.5-216)。

5例患者(36%)诊断为MGUS,7例患者符合MM的诊断标准。MM患者骨髓浆细胞增多的中位比例数是23%(12%-58%),其中4例患者是Ⅰ期MM,1例患者是Ⅱ期MM,2例患者是Ⅲ期MM。2例患者(14%)诊断为华氏巨球蛋白血症(WM)。伴或不伴MM的患者的血肌酐水平没有显著性差异。

肾活检标本的免疫荧光显示:所有患者的κ轻链均沿着肾小管基底膜线样沉积,11例患者的κ轻链沿着肾小球线样沉积,10例患者的κ轻链沿着血管壁线样沉积。光镜观察到所有患者均存在明显的肾小管间质损伤,只有2例患者存在局灶性结节性肾小球硬化。

12例患者(包括7例MM患者,2例WM患者和3例MGUS患者)在识别LCDD后开始化疗。仅有1例患者接受了大剂量马法兰联合自体干细胞移植(ASCT)治疗。8例患者达到持久血液学应答,没有MGUS患者进展至MM。经过中位随访25.5个月(2-147个月)后,5例患者死亡(2例死于感染,2例死于心血管事件,1例死因未明)。6个月,1年,3年时患者的总体生存率分别是86%,79%和60%。

8例获得血液学应答的患者中有5例患者产生了持续的肾脏应答。随访过程中没有患者的蛋白尿进展至>0.5g/d,有4例患者进展至终末期肾病(其中3例患者在诊断时即需要慢性血液透析治疗)。有7例患者血清肌酐水平显著降低(≥20%)。最后一次随访时的中位血肌酐水平是180(130-697)umol/L,中位eGFR水平是30(7-47)ml/min/1.73m2。1年和3年的肾脏生存率分别是89%和85%。

该研究是目前最大的肾活检证实LCDD但不伴显著蛋白尿的病例系列报道。研究发现肾小管间质损伤而不伴显著肾小球性蛋白尿的LCDD是一种严重的可能被低估的单克隆球蛋白血症的肾脏并发症。这些患者会进展至严重的肾功能不全,当早期给予合适的化疗抑制潜在的B细胞克隆时,这一进展过程可以停止下来。

该研究启示临床医生当诊断不明原因的慢性肾脏病时应仔细寻找单克隆球蛋白(包括血清游离轻链的检测)。即使没有显著的肾小球性蛋白尿,为了排除需要特异性治疗的AL型淀粉样变性,我们仍应对肾功能不全和血清游离轻链水平异常的患者考虑肾活检。

原始出处

Sicard A1, Karras A1, Goujon JM2, Sirac C3, Bender S4, Labatut D5, Callard P6, Sarkozy C7, Essig M8, Vanhille P5, Provot F9, Nony A10, Nochy D11, Ronco P12, Bridoux F13, Touchard G13.Light chain deposition disease without glomerular proteinuria: a diagnostic challenge for the nephrologist.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014 Oct

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    2015-08-23 bsmagic9140
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    2015-10-14 xuyu
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    2015-07-31 sundong

    病理很重要

    0

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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1656635, encodeId=c032165663560, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Sun Aug 23 20:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1789122, encodeId=054f1e891223e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c8814344f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#plant#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14344, encryptionId=0c8814344f5, topicName=plant)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8f5b299, createdName=xuyu, createdTime=Wed Oct 14 06:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1636980, encodeId=719d1636980f2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 18:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33928, encodeId=009f33928e6, content=病理很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3ykRSkuxjt93yc9tvDWfIQItrwiaKSCps5kyrTyDlwic2FgoCWe88wR3ZiaggKYGueDIp26zVgnbzriaQ/0, createdBy=89d71602869, createdName=sundong, createdTime=Fri Jul 31 17:16:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1796113, encodeId=482b1e96113ab, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=691c1e765a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Transplant#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17765, encryptionId=691c1e765a0, topicName=Transplant)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=232a2500033, createdName=1249859em38(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Apr 15 21:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=20275, encodeId=2340202e56e, content=AKI对心衰临床治疗意义重大,但依然需要研究检验其适用性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 22:26:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13156, encodeId=29961315689, content=该研究是目前最大的肾活检证实LCDD但不伴显著蛋白尿的病例系列报道。即使没有显著的肾小球性蛋白尿,为了排除需要特异性治疗的AL型淀粉样变性,我们仍应对肾功能不全和血清游离轻链水平异常的患者考虑肾活检。 <br> <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=809381710, createdName=cbp, createdTime=Tue Dec 16 16:49:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13155, encodeId=06841315593, content=轻链沉积病(LCDD)是一种少见的由浆细胞异常增生所导致的单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积的系统性疾病,该研究启示临床医生当诊断不明原因的慢性肾脏病时应仔细寻找单克隆球蛋白, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=809381710, createdName=cbp, createdTime=Tue Dec 16 16:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1492582, encodeId=9698149258236, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9b7c9929363' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#非典型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99293, encryptionId=9b7c9929363, topicName=非典型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6bb98946820, createdName=sjzlzc010, createdTime=Sun Dec 07 06:59:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-11 x35042875

    AKI对心衰临床治疗意义重大,但依然需要研究检验其适用性

    0

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    2014-12-16 cbp

    该研究是目前最大的肾活检证实LCDD但不伴显著蛋白尿的病例系列报道。即使没有显著的肾小球性蛋白尿,为了排除需要特异性治疗的AL型淀粉样变性,我们仍应对肾功能不全和血清游离轻链水平异常的患者考虑肾活检。

    0

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    2014-12-16 cbp

    轻链沉积病(LCDD)是一种少见的由浆细胞异常增生所导致的单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积的系统性疾病,该研究启示临床医生当诊断不明原因的慢性肾脏病时应仔细寻找单克隆球蛋白

    0

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