细胞外囊泡(细胞微粒、外泌体)检测新趋势

2016-05-13 MedSci MedSci原创

细胞外囊泡 细胞外囊泡(Extracellular Vesicles, EVs)是指从细胞膜上脱落或者由细胞分泌的双层膜结构的囊泡状小体,直径从40nm到1000nm不等。胞外囊泡主要由微囊泡(Microvesicles,  MVs)和外泌体(Exosomes, Exs)组成,微囊泡是细胞激活、损伤或凋亡后从细胞膜脱落的小囊泡,直径约为100nm – 1000nm。 外泌体由

细胞外囊泡

细胞外囊泡(Extracellular Vesicles, EVs)是指从细胞膜上脱落或者由细胞分泌的双层膜结构的囊泡状小体,直径从40nm到1000nm不等。胞外囊泡主要由微囊泡(Microvesicles,  MVs)和外泌体(Exosomes, Exs)组成,微囊泡是细胞激活、损伤或凋亡后从细胞膜脱落的小囊泡,直径约为100nm – 1000nm。

外泌体由细胞内的多泡小体(multivesicular bodies)与细胞膜融合后以外分泌的形式释放到细胞外,直径约为40nm - 100nm。细胞外囊泡广泛存在于细胞培养上清以及各种体液(血液、淋巴液、唾液、尿液、精液、乳汁)中,携带有细胞来源相关的多种蛋白质、脂类、DNA、mRNA、miRNA等,参与细胞间通讯、细胞迁移、血管新生和免疫调节等过程。在糖尿病、心血管疾病、艾滋病、慢性炎症疾病以及癌症中都发现细胞外囊泡水平的升高,它们很有可能成为这类疾病的诊断标志物,因此,对细胞外囊泡进行准确的定性和定量研究显得尤为重要。
 
细胞外囊泡的检测方法

目前细胞外囊泡(EVs)的检测方法主要有扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、动态光散射技术、纳米微粒追踪分析术(NTA)、流式细胞仪和ELISA等,由于通量高、用时短、操作简单,ELISA和流式细胞仪是比较常用的方法。ELISA方法容易受其他可溶性抗原的干扰,而且无法知道囊泡的大小、数量等信息;流式细胞仪不仅可以检测囊泡的大小、数量,而且通过细胞特异的标记物染色可以检测囊泡的来源,将囊泡进行分类,因此,流式细胞仪理论上是进行囊泡快速、高通量、多参数检测的最优选择。然而,传统流式细胞仪针对的样本主要是细胞,散射光的检测极限通常是300-500nm,而大多数细胞外囊泡的直径都在300nm以下,由于无法与背景噪音区分,直径小于300nm的细胞外囊泡很难被检测到,因此,囊泡数量往往被低估,检测结果自然也不准确[1]。
 
Apogee流式细胞仪的三大优势

(1)灵敏的散射光分辨率

英国Apogee公司的A50-Micro突破传统流式细胞仪的检测极限,优化的光学模块和优异的散射光检测能力使得A50-Micro具有无法匹敌的灵敏度(<100nm)和最好的光散射分辨率(10nm)。图1展示的是A50-Micro与传统流式细胞仪(F500)及一些新型流式细胞仪(Gallios、Influx)的技术对比[1],通过前向角散射光FC500只能勉强区分0.5μm和0.9μm的微珠,0.5μm以下的微珠则完全无法区分;Gallios和Influx在散射光检测能力方面有所提高,可以区分0.3μm和0.5μm的微珠,但0.3μm以下的微珠还是无法区分;而Apogee A50-Micro可以轻松地将0.14μm的微珠和0.3μm的微珠分成两个群(Fig 1.A)。从前向角散射光和侧向角散射光的散点图中可以看到,无论是FC500还是Gallios或Influx都只能部分的将0.3μm的微珠与背景噪音区分开,而A50-Micro可以清晰地将0.3μm的微珠与背景噪音完全区分开(Fig1.B中绿色数据点),并且只有A50-Micro可以检测到0.14μm的微珠(Fig1.B中紫色数据点)。这些结果说明,利用Apogee A50-Micro突出的高灵敏度和分辨率,我们可以轻松地将直径相差10nm以上的细胞外囊泡样本进行分群、计数、分析。另外,多达9通道荧光检测器,可以灵活使用细胞外囊泡特定抗原荧光抗体进行囊泡来源、数量的精确分析。Apogee拥有专利光学设计,可通过散射光检测小至80nm小颗粒的流式细胞仪,在细胞外囊泡的检测上表现出很高的灵敏度。至今已有多个细胞囊泡、外泌体、纳米颗粒和微生物等多个研究领域的科学家采用了apogee纳米流式技术,并发表了很多篇文章。


Figure 1. Technological improvement in forward scatter (FS) for microparticle (MP) measurement: (A) Beads resolution improvement: FS distribution of a blend of fluorescent latex beads (0.1/0.14, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 μm) with a threshold on fluorescence. (B) Background noise reduction: Scatters dot plot showing blue (0.9 μm beads), red (0.5 μm beads), green (0.3 μm beads) and violet (0.1/0.14 μm beads) beads with a FS threshold. Grey dots are background noise.
 
(2)专利的折射率校正功能

利用流式细胞仪进行细胞外囊泡检测往往需要使用标准微球(microspheres)来校正和设门(Set Gate),常用的微球材料有聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene)和二氧化硅(silica),国际血栓与止血协会和标准化委员会(ISTH SSC)推荐用于循环微粒(微囊泡)检测设门的Megamix就是聚苯乙烯微球。但是,最近越来越多的研究人员发现,用标准微球进行设门存在很严重的偏差,因为不同材料的微球的折射率(refractive index)是不一样的,相同直径的微球,折射率越大产生的散射光就越强。而且微球的折射率要远远大于生物囊泡的折射率,意味着微球产生的散射光强度是相同直径囊泡的几十倍。实际上,0.5mm聚苯乙烯微球(Megamix)产生的散射光强度相当于1.4mm的囊泡,而2.7mm的囊泡才能产生跟0.9mm聚苯乙烯微球(Megamix) 相当强度的散射光(表1)[2]。因此,如果我们用0.5mm的聚苯乙烯微球(Megamix)设门来检测小于0.5mm的细胞外囊泡将产生严重的偏差,检测结果也是不可信的。


*FSRI, forward scatter relative intensity measured on the Apogee A40. **Diameter of a lipid or cellular microparticle with the same forward scatter relative intensity as the particle that was measured. Equivalent microparticle diameter (mm) = 3.2911(PD) - 0.2768, where PD = polystyrene microsphere diameter (mm).
 
为了解决这一问题,Apogee的工程师们研发了专利的折射率校正功能,无论是单参数的柱状图(Histogram)还是双参数的散点图(Cytogram),只要单击右键选择“Choose Calibration Scale”就会出现一条校正大小的标尺,并且可以根据检测样本的折射率来选择相应折射率的标尺(图2),那么我们就可以根据样本的直径大小和折射率这两个参数来设门和选择我们感兴趣的区域(region of interest, ROI),得到真实可靠的结果。

图2. 折射率分别为1.38和1.42的微粒(180, 240,300 ,590, 880, 1300, 2000nm)在散点图中的位置。
 
(3)不依赖于抗体微珠的外泌体检测能力

由于外泌体(exosomes)的直径特别小(40 - 100nm),超出了传统流式细胞仪的检测范围,为此,很多公司提供了特异抗体标记的微珠用于外泌体的富集和流式分析,但这种方法的局限是操作复杂,对抗体特异性要求很高,而且无法知道外泌体的绝对数量。而Apogee A50-Micro超高的灵敏度和分辨率使其可以直接对样本中的外泌体进行分析和计数,操作简单,结果准确,美国个性化医疗的领军生物技术公司Caris Life Sciences正是利用A50-Micro来检测和分析复杂病人样本中的微囊泡和外泌体[3]。一流企业的选择,值得您的信赖!

参考文献:
 
[1] Lacroix R, Robert S, Poncelet P, Dignat-George F. Overcoming limitations of microparticle measurement by flow cytometry. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010 Nov;36(8):807-18.
[2] Chandler WL, Yeung W, Tait JF. A new microparticle size calibration standard for use in measuring smaller microparticles using a new flow cytometer. J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Jun;9(6):1216-24.
[3] Abstracts from the Third International Meeting of ISEV 2014. Rotterdam, The Netherlands, April 30th – May 3rd, 2014. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014; 3:24214.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105799, encodeId=110d105e99fc, content=这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 21:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105598, encodeId=578310559849, content=这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 14:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95968, encodeId=d06a9596892, content=真厉害,有需求,就会有创新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Thu Aug 04 15:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89572, encodeId=0368895e22e, content=高大上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=163, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b9d01623203, createdName=wuxclove, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 13:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1493558, encodeId=2452149355847, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=36dfe7869dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞外囊泡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77869, encryptionId=36dfe7869dd, topicName=细胞外囊泡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1e979073459, createdName=bnjfx@129.com, createdTime=Sun May 15 12:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1599806, encodeId=47f4159980667, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be324039e31' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#囊泡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40397, encryptionId=be324039e31, topicName=囊泡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=86bc18759177, createdName=charl1234573, createdTime=Sun May 15 12:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-27 李东泽

    这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105799, encodeId=110d105e99fc, content=这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 21:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105598, encodeId=578310559849, content=这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 14:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95968, encodeId=d06a9596892, content=真厉害,有需求,就会有创新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Thu Aug 04 15:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89572, encodeId=0368895e22e, content=高大上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=163, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b9d01623203, createdName=wuxclove, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 13:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1493558, encodeId=2452149355847, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=36dfe7869dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞外囊泡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77869, encryptionId=36dfe7869dd, topicName=细胞外囊泡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1e979073459, createdName=bnjfx@129.com, createdTime=Sun May 15 12:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1599806, encodeId=47f4159980667, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be324039e31' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#囊泡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40397, encryptionId=be324039e31, topicName=囊泡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=86bc18759177, createdName=charl1234573, createdTime=Sun May 15 12:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-27 李东泽

    这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105799, encodeId=110d105e99fc, content=这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 21:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105598, encodeId=578310559849, content=这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 14:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95968, encodeId=d06a9596892, content=真厉害,有需求,就会有创新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Thu Aug 04 15:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89572, encodeId=0368895e22e, content=高大上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=163, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b9d01623203, createdName=wuxclove, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 13:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1493558, encodeId=2452149355847, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=36dfe7869dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞外囊泡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77869, encryptionId=36dfe7869dd, topicName=细胞外囊泡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1e979073459, createdName=bnjfx@129.com, createdTime=Sun May 15 12:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1599806, encodeId=47f4159980667, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be324039e31' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#囊泡#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40397, encryptionId=be324039e31, topicName=囊泡)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=86bc18759177, createdName=charl1234573, createdTime=Sun May 15 12:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-04 KO229256262

    真厉害,有需求,就会有创新

    0

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    2016-06-12 wuxclove

    高大上

    0

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