淋巴管肌瘤病:女性肺部弥漫性囊性疾病

2013-07-19 北京协和医院呼吸科 崔晗 徐凯峰 中国医学论坛报

    患者,女,31岁,因“咳嗽7年,间断咯血伴活动后气短2年”,于2013年3月入院。   患者2005年起无诱因出现干咳,当地医院对症治疗后好转。2011年2月起,患者反复出现咳嗽、咳痰、咯血、活动后气短,予沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂对症治疗。2

论坛报病例20130425
论坛报病例20130425
 论坛报病例20130425

  患者,女,31岁,因“咳嗽7年,间断咯血伴活动后气短2年”,于2013年3月入院。

  患者2005年起无诱因出现干咳,当地医院对症治疗后好转。2011年2月起,患者反复出现咳嗽、咳痰、咯血、活动后气短,予沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂对症治疗。2013年1月底,患者于我院就诊。

  患者既往史、个人史、月经婚育史无特殊。

  查体:皮肤及指、趾未见异常,心肺查体无特殊。

  辅助检查:血常规、肝肾功能、凝血功能基本正常。血气(吸入氧浓度为0.21):pH 7.452,氧分压(PaO2 )61.2 mmHg,氧饱和度(SO2 )92.4%,二氧化碳分压(PaCO2 )36.4 mmHg。6分钟步行试验345米。肺功能检查:1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1 )26.2%预计值,用力肺活量(FVC) 60%预计值,FEV1/FVC 37.76%,肺总量(TLC) 137.7%预计值,残气量327.5%预计值。

  胸部高分辨CT(HRCT)显示,双肺弥漫分布囊状低密度影(见图1)。腹盆增强CT 提示,左肾多发囊肿;腹膜后、肠系膜及盆腔多发肿大淋巴结;子宫及宫颈增大,密度欠均匀;右侧附件区囊性密度影;双侧腹股沟散在小淋巴结。

  支气管镜检查提示,镜下未见异常。右肺下叶基底段经支气管镜肺活检(TBLB)病理提示,平滑肌样细胞增生,部分肺泡腔内可见吞噬含铁血黄素的组织细胞聚集。免疫组化结果:人结蛋白(部分+),雌激素受体(散在+),黑色素瘤单克隆抗体(HMB45,部分+),孕激素受体(散在+),平滑肌肌动蛋白(+)。病变符合淋巴管肌瘤病(LAM)见图2。

  医生考虑LAM诊断明确,予沙美特罗替卡松、西罗莫司等治疗,出院后在门诊随诊。

  LAM简介

  定义 LAM是一种主要发生于育龄期女性的罕见的肺部疾病,以慢性进展的双肺弥漫性囊性病变为特征,其病理基础是异常增生的平滑肌样细胞和肺部囊性病变。早期症状轻微,逐渐出现活动后呼吸困难,病程中可以反复发生气胸和乳糜胸,常合并肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML)等肺外表现,随着疾病的进展,后期发展到呼吸衰竭,有适应证的患者需要接受肺移植治疗。

  高危人群 LAM的高危人群包括:女性气胸患者;结节性硬化症(TSC)成年女性患者;弥漫性肺部囊性病变者;原因不明呼吸困难者;肺外病变(如肾AML、血管周上皮细胞样细胞瘤)。

  所有女性自发性气胸患者需要进行胸部HRCT检查。TSC成年女性患者约1/3合并LAM。

  病因 LAM由于多发于育龄期女性,推测其与雌激素有一定的关系。LAM的病变组织中TSC2基因突变,导致其下游哺乳类雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)异常活化,最终出现平滑肌样细胞(LAM细胞)的过度增殖。除了散发的LAM病,LAM也见于TSC的女性患者。LAM与TSC具有相似的分子病理基础,即由于TSC1或TSC2基因突变导致mTOR活化。

  临床表现 LAM几乎均发生于育龄期女性,平均诊断年龄35~40岁左右,起病隐匿,活动耐力下降,随疾病发展呼吸困难症状出现并进行性加重,常见的肺部并发症为自发性气胸和乳糜胸,常为LAM的首发症状,并可反复发生(见表1)。其他症状有咳嗽、咯血、咳乳糜样痰液和胸痛等。LAM的肺外表现无特异性,也可伴有腹胀和腹痛等。

  辅助检查 LAM的评估内容包括诊断和鉴别诊断、肺外病变、是否合并TSC、以及疾病的严重度判定,主要内容见表2。需要强调的是,所有的LAM患者需要确定其有无TSC,不合并TSC的散发LAM也常出现肾AML。

  诊断标准和鉴别诊断 LAM的诊断流程图见图3,诊断标准见表3。

  鉴别诊断方面需要与其他弥漫性肺部囊性病变相鉴别,如肺气肿、特发性肺间质纤维化(蜂窝肺)、结缔组织病相关肺疾病(如干燥综合征)、囊性支气管扩张、Ⅳ期结节病、肺朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症、比尔特-霍格-杜贝综合征(Birt-Hogg-Dube)等。

  治疗 建议患者要有健康的生活方式,避免感染,避免妊娠。有呼吸困难者,可用支气管扩张剂,氧疗。对并发症的处理:有气胸者,在第1次发生气胸时就应考虑胸膜粘连术;有乳糜胸者,予无脂饮食,同时补充中链甘油三酯;有AML者,直径如果>4 cm,自发出血的风险增加,应考虑栓塞治疗或保留肾单位手术切除。

  不应该常规使用口服或肌内注射黄体酮。对肺功能或症状迅速恶化的患者,可考虑试用,定期评估,治疗12个月无效者应停药。

  LAM患者肺移植后的5年生存率约为65%,但目前国内开展不多。

  近年来,LAM最重要的治疗进展是mTOR抑制剂的使用,使一个过去无药可治的疾病成为一个可以治疗的疾病。mTOR抑制剂直接针对LAM病的发病机制。西罗莫司治疗LAM的疗效得到一项随机双盲安慰剂对照的临床研究的证实。需要注意的是,目前mTOR抑制剂还没有获得临床应用适应证批准。同时,有多项LAM的临床试验在进行中。可以预见,将来会有更多的治疗手段应用于临床。   

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    2013-07-21 amyloid