Nature Genetics:小鼠癌症模型—它们真的有效吗?

2017-10-11 万纹 生物通

“这一假设的前提在于PDX能反映患者体内大部分肿瘤的情况。但是,肿瘤基因组发生了极大的变化,”


“这一假设的前提在于PDX能反映患者体内大部分肿瘤的情况。但是,肿瘤基因组发生了极大的变化,”

近年来在癌症研究中,一些研究人员将人类癌细胞接种到小鼠内,构建出了被称为异种移植物(PDX)的小鼠模型,这些模型可以作为个体患者的“化身”,预先检测化疗对人体产生的影响,从而有利于为患者制定个体化的癌症定制治疗计划。

然而公布在10月9日的Nature Genetics杂志上的一项最新研究指出,将人类癌细胞移植到小鼠中会改变细胞的进化,重塑了肿瘤的基因组,从而也影响了化疗的反应。

这项研究由哈佛麻省Broad研究院癌症项目的负责人Todd Golub和Rameen Beroukhim领导完成,他们通过针对超过1000种小鼠癌症模型的分析,挑战了这些模型在预测患者对治疗反应方面的能力。

什么是PDX?

体内临床前动物模型在癌症治疗中有重要的用途, 是评估抗肿瘤药物临床前疗效和预测药物毒性的有效工具。一些最好的临床前乳腺癌动物模型,是通过向动物体内注射人类肿瘤而制备出来的,这些动物通常是小鼠。这些动物模型就被称为病人来源的异种移植物(patient derived xenografts, PDX)模型。

一些研究表明,PDX不仅能忠实地保留患者肿瘤的分子表型和基因型变化,而且能够再现原发肿瘤的异质性,因此被应用于肿瘤耐药机制和抗肿瘤药物筛选的研究。这种模型保持了患者肿瘤基因表达模式、突变状态、药物反应和肿瘤结构等生物学特性, 在临床肿瘤治疗转化医学研究中具有重要的作用。

为此美国国家癌症研究所已经开发了一个包含100多个PDXs的文库,供研究人员采用,欧洲科学家也已经启动了EurOPDX,这个项目包括超过1500种涉及30多种肿瘤类型的模型,同时Champions Oncology of Hackensack这家公司也开始为个体患者,以及制药公司提供小鼠肿瘤模型检测。

PDX并不是灵丹妙药
然而并没有动物模型是完美的,研究人员其实也早就认识到PDX有局限性,他们也相应的采取了一些措施,例如,为了避免免疫系统对外来肿瘤的免疫攻击,PDX通常被移植到缺乏功能性免疫系统的小鼠中,但这会影响科学家对免疫细胞如何与肿瘤相互作用能力的研究分析,目前由于与免疫系统系统有关的癌症疗法的成功,这一领域越来越受到关注。

此外,PDX也可能需要几个月才能产生出来,这个时间太长,无法帮助患者制定及时的治疗方案。

在最新这篇文章中,Golub和Rameen Beroukhim等人分析了PDX随时间变化而出现的改变,他们分析了植入小鼠的肿瘤细胞的数据,然后再收集这些细胞,重新植入到新的小鼠中,甚至有时多次循环。

从中研究人员分析了细胞中某个基因的拷贝数变化,他们们对代表24种癌症类型的,超过1000种PDX样品进行了这样的检测。

 结果表明,植入小鼠的肿瘤出现了人体中不常见的变化。例如,称为胶质母细胞瘤的人脑肿瘤倾向于获得七号染色体的额外拷贝。不过Beroukhim认为,小鼠PDXs会随着时间的推移而丢失这些额外的拷贝。


胶质母细胞瘤(患者脑扫描中的圆形区域)是在小鼠模型中检测的癌症之一

其中一些遗传变化与PDX对癌症药物的反应差异有关。研究人员检测了许多PDX,寻找遗传学与药物敏感性之间的关系,结果并没有太大意外,Golub说。 “这并不是说PDX无法再作为一种模型,而是说明PDX并不是一种灵丹妙药。”

Golub更担心使用PDXs预测个体患者的预后结果,“这提出了关于如何解释模型结果的一些重要问题,”他说。

多种结果

不过Champions Oncology公司的创始人,翰霍普金斯大学医学院肿瘤学家David Sidransky指出,他在八月份发表的包含92名患者的研究中,患者药物反应与其相应的PDX2之间有87%的关联。

Sidransky说,Golub及其团队的遗传分析可以为解释剩下的15%的情况提供线索。

冷泉港实验室癌症研究员David Tuveson说,这项工作很重要。但他也指出,PDX方法正在发生变化。研究人员越来越有可能将人类肿瘤移植到小鼠模型中的类似位置,例如将人胰腺癌细胞移植到小鼠胰腺中,而不仅仅是将它们移植到皮肤下。他说,这应该是一种与原始肿瘤更相似的环境。

此外,研究人员也转向以各种方式来令小鼠模型更为合理,也许引入与免疫系统或与肿瘤相互作用的人类版本的蛋白质等。

英国剑桥大学研究员Carlos Caldas说,对于已经生成的那些PDX,研究人员将继续使用它们。Caldas指出,他自己的乳腺癌PDXs的研究中并没有出现PDXs和它们产生肿瘤之间的显着差异。“我们将继续观察这些模型的活动,这是一个重要的进步,而不是阻碍。”

原始出处:

Uri Ben-David,Gavin Ha,Yuen-Yi Tseng,et al.Patient-derived xenografts undergo mouse-specific tumor evolution.Nature Genetics (2017) doi:10.1038/ng.3967

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    2018-08-14 zhouqu_8
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    2018-08-24 huperzia
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    2018-09-08 cy0324
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    2018-05-31 liye789132251
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    2018-08-21 canlab
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    2017-10-11 虈亣靌

    内容丰富.值得学习

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