SG-GICC 2012:胃肠道肿瘤临床困境的科学思辨

2012-04-10 卢秀玲 中国医学论坛报

       St.Gallen EORTC胃肠道肿瘤大会于3月22~24日在瑞士圣加仑州举行。作为24日共识会的热身和铺垫,3月22-23日,为期两天的专场讨论会为与会者呈现的是对一个个具体临床困境或问题的科学思辨。        ■食管癌       &

       St.Gallen EORTC胃肠道肿瘤大会于3月22~24日在瑞士圣加仑州举行。作为24日共识会的热身和铺垫,3月22-23日,为期两天的专场讨论会为与会者呈现的是对一个个具体临床困境或问题的科学思辨。

St.Gallen EORTC胃肠道肿瘤大会
       ■食管癌

       Q 新辅助治疗的价值何在?

       A 德国科隆大学赫尔舍(Holscher)


       对于可切除性食管癌,由于单纯的新辅助放疗在6项随机研究中疗效欠佳(治疗反应率30%),且其在两项研究中的总生存劣于单纯手术,故目前临床上没有相应的应用指征。我们较常采用的是新辅助放化疗或单纯化疗。与单纯手术相比,虽然新辅助治疗的围手术期死亡率略高一些,但根治性(R0)切除率有所提高,放化疗较化疗的总体2年生存率也有5%~8%的改善,尤其是对于治疗有反应者。

       新辅助治疗的价值首先体现在有助于外科的整块切除并保证足够的阴性切缘上。由于病灶的缩小并不一定是呈向心性的,肿瘤中最活跃的部分(vital tumor)可能位于肿瘤边缘,而新辅助治疗能使这些活跃部分降期,这对于临近周围器官(如气管)的食管癌尤其重要,虽然并不一定带来T降期。其次,进展期肿瘤常有淋巴结转移,尤其是T3及可切除的T4患者,我们尽管怀疑其可能有淋巴结浸润,但术前很难证实,而新辅助治疗可以减少淋巴结的浸润。再次,循环中的肿瘤细胞只有通过系统化疗才能消除。

       所以,我们推荐,对进展期食管鳞癌和腺癌的最佳治疗策略为新辅助放化疗+经胸食管切除术+根治性淋巴结切除。而对于腺癌患者,新辅助化疗+根治性手术+辅助化疗也是一种选择。

       ■食管胃结合部癌

       Q 如何选择辅助治疗方案?

       A 荷兰伊拉斯姆斯大学医院哈斯特(Gaast)
         目前尚没有关于食管胃结合部癌的独立研究结果可供参考,临床上对于可切除性病变倾向于综合治疗,这是因为20%~30%的手术都没能达到根治性切除的标准。就个人经验而言,当患者大部分肿瘤位于食管时,我倾向于给予术前放化疗;当大部分肿瘤位于胃时,则倾向于术前+术后化疗方案。

        ■胃癌

        Q 外科切除,“越多”是否“越好”?

        A 英国牛津大学阿勒姆(Allum)
         对于内镜下切除的指征,以往我们仅限于分化良好、病变直径<2 cm的黏膜内癌,因为其淋巴结转移概率较低(0~3%)。近来,随着内镜黏膜下层剥离术(ESD)的应用,这些标准已扩展至表面已形成溃疡的黏膜内癌或微小黏膜下浸润癌(sm1),但病灶直径必须<3 cm,这时淋巴结转移概率低于4%。

       在淋巴结清扫范围上,对黏膜下层病变采取有限的淋巴结切除已足够;而对于T2~T4期病变,虽然欧洲两项随机研究未显示出D2清扫术的优势,但其结果可能与个人技术和手术质量有关,对适宜患者仍建议尽量采用D2清扫术,但大家对D2+清扫术价值的看法还不太统一。总体而言,日本胃癌外科治疗策略(图)可以作为我们参照和努力的方向。

日本胃癌外科治疗策略
图 日本胃癌外科治疗策略
         要强调的一点是,术前评估和准确分期仍是外科治疗成败的基石。有研究表明,术前不能上两层楼梯的患者,术后89%会出现心脏或呼吸系统并发症,故建议术前进行心肺运动试验。证据表明,无氧代谢阈值(AT)小于或大于11 ml/(kg·min)的手术患者死亡率分别为18.0%和0.8%,如果结合试验中是否出现心肌缺血,则死亡率分别为42%和4%。

       ■结直肠癌

       Q 直肠癌综合治疗的目标是什么?

       A 德国埃彭多夫医院阿诺尔德(Arnold)
         目前综合治疗中存在的问题是分期系统尚未统一,对与直肠癌相关或不相关的并存疾病情况考虑较少,常常忽略患者的期望和意愿,相关分子生物标志物研究进展较为缓慢,包括结肠癌与直肠癌标志物没有进一步区分。

       综合治疗的真正目标,首先是治愈,其次是提高盆腔控制率、降期、保留括约肌功能及提高生活质量,最后也是很重要的一点——确保没有过度治疗,包括没有长期的治疗毒性及功能损伤。就过度治疗的问题,是否给予患者辅助治疗常不易决策,这是因为7%~10%的患者会出现局部复发,这部分患者可能有过度治疗的情况,需要有选择性地减少治疗;而36%~39%的患者发生远处转移,对这部分患者则要预防治疗不足,可能需提高其治疗比例。所以,未来的治疗应分层决策,也应考虑现实情况,根据当地磁共振成像(MRI)检测的可及程度,设置可及和不可及两种推荐。

       Q 如何制定结直肠癌肝转移治疗策略?

       A 荷兰癌症研究所吕尔斯(Ruers
         对于无症状性结肠癌伴发同时性肝转移者,若其肝转移灶容易切除,可先切除结肠原发灶再切除肝转移灶(±新辅助或辅助化疗);若肝转移灶>4 cm或为潜在可切除病灶,则先给予化疗;对于不可切除性肝转移病灶,权衡先手术的死亡率(2.7%)及并发症发生率(12%)与先化疗的肠梗阻率(14%)及出血率(3%)风险,建议对肿瘤负荷较小、体能状态较好者先行手术治疗。

       对于直肠癌伴发同时性肝转移患者,当直肠肿瘤较小、肝转移灶较局限时,有较多的治疗选择;当直肠肿瘤较小、但须对肝行大部切除时,建议先化疗再优先切除肝转移灶;而对于局部进展期直肠癌伴肝转移者,建议先化疗→优先切除肝转移灶→放疗→切除直肠原发灶。 

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    2012-04-12 docwu2019

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