Nature:新一代靶向mTOR抑制剂,1+1>2的“合体”抗癌药

2016-05-26 佚名 生物探索

一位身患甲状腺癌的妇女对常用化疗药依维莫司和西罗莫司产生了抗药性,这两种药都是通过抑制一种叫做mTOR的酶来杀死癌细胞的,而mTOR能够促进细胞尤其是癌细胞的生长。但她的癌细胞已经变异,这些药物对她无效了。

众所周知,癌症非常难缠。《纽约时报》最近刊登了一篇文章,充分说明了癌症是多么狡猾。一位身患甲状腺癌的妇女对常用化疗药依维莫司和西罗莫司产生了抗药性,这两种药都是通过抑制一种叫做mTOR的酶来杀死癌细胞的,而mTOR能够促进细胞尤其是癌细胞的生长。但她的癌细胞已经变异,这些药物对她无效了。

来自加州大学旧金山分校的Kevan Shokat和纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心的Neal Rosen以及合作者报道了一种新型mTOR抑制剂,它比已有的抑制剂更加强大,如依维莫司,而且产生耐药性的可能性更小。他们非常巧妙的将两种作用于不同靶点的mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素(rapamycin)和MLN0128组合在一起,合成了新的二联体分子RapaLink-1,它可以同时靶向mTOR酶上的两个靶点。(Overcoming mTOR resistance mutations with a new-generation mTOR inhibitor. Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature17963)

图1. RapaLink-1中,一个聚乙二醇连接分子(黑色)将雷帕霉素(蓝色)和MLN0128(红色)连接起来。图片来源:NPG

Shokat已经通过Kura Oncology公司将该新药的设计申请了专利。而来自麦吉尔大学的癌症和mTOR专家Nahum Sonenberg评价此项工作对癌症治疗有重大影响。


图2. 上图蛋白印迹实验表明RapaLink-1的作用靶点确实与雷帕霉素和MLN0128相同;下图表明RapaLink-1对癌细胞的杀灭能力高于单独使用雷帕霉素和MLN0128,甚至比雷帕霉素+ MLN0128的组合用药效果更好。图片来源:NPG

mTOR控制着一条大部分人类癌症中都很活跃的细胞信号通路,科学家们已经发展了依维莫司和西罗莫司等药物来抑制这条通路。这些药物都是细菌天然产物雷帕霉素的类似物,靶向mTOR上的雷帕霉素结合位点。最近发展的第二代mTOR抑制剂则是通过靶向另一个mTOR位点工作。该位点通常与三磷酸腺苷(ATP)结合。一些第二代抑制剂已经进入到临床试验阶段。

不幸的是,癌细胞有强大的变异能力产生抗药性,可以使第一代和第二代mTOR抑制剂失效。

研究者发现mTOR上的两个结合位点相距不过15Å。因此他们用一个长度合适的聚乙二醇连接分子将第一代抑制剂雷帕霉素和第二代抑制剂MLN0128连接到一起。新分子能够跨越两个结合位点,同时与它们结合。这就是第三代mTOR抑制剂,RapaLink-1。

图3. RapaLink-1的合成路线,其中用了一步click反应。图片来源:NPG

图4. mTOR的结构示意图,长长的连接分子(图中虚线)使RapaLink-1可以同时结合到两个靶点上。图片来源:NPG

在细胞实验和小鼠实验中,RapaLink-1展现了强大的抗癌活性,而且没有发现抗药性。

图5. 由于RapaLink-1需要刚好与相距不远的两个位点结合,连接分子的长度非常有讲究。文章准备了三种不同长度的连接分子(如右图),分别测试了它们与mTOR的结合能力,不管是实验(左上)还是计算化学(左下)结果都表明RapaLink-1和RapaLink-2的长度最合适,RapaLink-3太短。图片来源:NPG

德纳-法伯癌症研究所的激酶抑制剂专家Nathanael Gray表示他原本不看好这么大的分子会有好的疗效。但是RapaLink-1有两个特点,第一,它是两种抑制剂的二联体;第二,它能在红细胞上富集,被运送至肿瘤部位。这或许能够解释它为什么效果这么好。癌细胞想再通过变异来对抗RapaLink-1恐怕不会那么容易了,因为它需要同时变异两次。

图6. RR1变异产生对雷帕霉素的抗药性,TKi-R变异产生对AZD8055/ MLN0128的抗药性,图中可见当发生这两种变异后,雷帕霉素或AZD8055便不能有效控制肿瘤的体积,而RapaLink-1对这两种抗性变异都有效果。图片来源:NPG

点评:

对于癌症、病毒、细菌等狡猾多端的敌人,抗药性一直令人头疼的问题,鸡尾酒疗法是比较成功的延迟抗药性的方法。但鸡尾酒疗法多是简单的药物组合,需要病人同时服用多种药物,副作用较强,病人的依从性不佳。而本文将多个活性分子连接成一个分子,通过精妙的结构控制使其发挥1+1 > 2的效果,为新型抗癌、抗病毒、抗菌药物的设计提供了新思路和范本,希望RapaLink-1能早日用于临床。

原始出处:

Vanessa S. Rodrik-Outmezguine,et al.Overcoming mTOR resistance mutations with a new-generation mTOR inhibitor.Nature (2016) doi:10.1038/nature17963

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    2016-09-30 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    拜读,好文

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    2016-11-08 liye789132251
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    2016-10-06 jklm09
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=138084, encodeId=b60113808488, content=拜读,好文, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 30 14:40:20 CST 2016, time=2016-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881072, encodeId=f78418810e243, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Nov 08 05:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851316, encodeId=2b771851316ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Thu Oct 06 07:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87723, encodeId=5ac28e72302, content=学习了!期待!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Tue May 31 08:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87724, encodeId=76798e724c6, content=学习了!期待!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Tue May 31 08:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87725, encodeId=cae48e725a7, content=学习了!期待!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Tue May 31 08:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87449, encodeId=18c38e44986, content=期待新药, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160529/IMG574AD2984A0809025.jpg, createdBy=33fb1613507, createdName=shineshinelv, createdTime=Sun May 29 22:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1314658, encodeId=42e013146583c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d4b5554131' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55541, encryptionId=9d4b5554131, topicName=抗癌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Sat May 28 01:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1489889, encodeId=a1a914898898e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=df661233631' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#mTOR抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12336, encryptionId=df661233631, topicName=mTOR抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7f708628038, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Sat May 28 01:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-31 lsblb

    学习了!期待!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=138084, encodeId=b60113808488, content=拜读,好文, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 30 14:40:20 CST 2016, time=2016-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881072, encodeId=f78418810e243, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Nov 08 05:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851316, encodeId=2b771851316ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Thu Oct 06 07:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87723, encodeId=5ac28e72302, content=学习了!期待!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Tue May 31 08:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87724, encodeId=76798e724c6, content=学习了!期待!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Tue May 31 08:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87725, encodeId=cae48e725a7, content=学习了!期待!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Tue May 31 08:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87449, encodeId=18c38e44986, content=期待新药, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160529/IMG574AD2984A0809025.jpg, createdBy=33fb1613507, createdName=shineshinelv, createdTime=Sun May 29 22:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1314658, encodeId=42e013146583c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d4b5554131' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55541, encryptionId=9d4b5554131, topicName=抗癌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Sat May 28 01:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1489889, encodeId=a1a914898898e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=df661233631' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#mTOR抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12336, encryptionId=df661233631, topicName=mTOR抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7f708628038, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Sat May 28 01:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-31 lsblb

    学习了!期待!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=138084, encodeId=b60113808488, content=拜读,好文, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 30 14:40:20 CST 2016, time=2016-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881072, encodeId=f78418810e243, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Nov 08 05:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851316, encodeId=2b771851316ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Thu Oct 06 07:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87723, encodeId=5ac28e72302, content=学习了!期待!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Tue May 31 08:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87724, encodeId=76798e724c6, content=学习了!期待!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Tue May 31 08:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87725, encodeId=cae48e725a7, content=学习了!期待!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Tue May 31 08:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87449, encodeId=18c38e44986, content=期待新药, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160529/IMG574AD2984A0809025.jpg, createdBy=33fb1613507, createdName=shineshinelv, createdTime=Sun May 29 22:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1314658, encodeId=42e013146583c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d4b5554131' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55541, encryptionId=9d4b5554131, topicName=抗癌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Sat May 28 01:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1489889, encodeId=a1a914898898e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=df661233631' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#mTOR抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12336, encryptionId=df661233631, topicName=mTOR抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7f708628038, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Sat May 28 01:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-31 lsblb

    学习了!期待!

    0

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    2016-05-29 shineshinelv

    期待新药

    0

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    2016-05-28 sunylz
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