Nature重磅突破!这枚人造胚胎,长出了完整大脑结构,还有一颗跳动的心脏

2022-08-28 iNature iNature

该研究证明在神经胚状体中复制 Pax6 敲除的后果,这说明了这种完整的胚胎模型具有在不需要实验动物的情况下剖析调节发育的遗传因素的潜力。

胚胎干细胞 (embryonic stem cells, ESCs) 常被认为是万能细胞,因为可以在体外培养至哺乳动物胚胎发生的许多阶段,但它们的发育潜力能够通过与胚胎外干细胞的相互作用而大大扩展,包括滋养层干细胞 (trophoblast stem cellsTSCs)、胚胎外内胚层干细胞 (extraembryonic endoderm stem cells, XEN) 和诱导型-XEN 细胞 (inducible-XEN cells, iXEN)

2022825日,来自英国剑桥大学的Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz教授团队在Nature杂志在线发表题为“Synthetic embryos complete gastrulation to neurulation and organogenesis”的研究论文。该研究体外从小鼠 ESCsTSCs iXEN 细胞中组装了干细胞衍生的胚胎,并表明它们在子宫内至第 8.5 天概括了整个天然小鼠胚胎发育。

胚胎干细胞来源于外胚层,在聚集时表现出显着的形成胚胎样结构的能力,当嵌入基质胶时,可以诱导形成具有体节、神经管和肠道的躯干样结构。尽管可以通过抑制 WNT 活动的初始爆发来促进这种原肠胚的神经发育,但它们并不能忠实地复制原肠胚运动,也不代表天然胚胎的完整解剖结构。由与异位形态发生素信号中心聚集的 ESCs 产生的其他模型胚胎可以仅发育中脑后部、神经管、心脏组织和肠管。因此,这些模型并没有概括整个发展到神经。

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该研究展示了可以组装小鼠胚胎和胚胎外干细胞以形成胚胎模型,该模型可发育大脑、神经管、心脏、前肠、体节、尿囊、原始生殖细胞和卵黄囊结构。这种胚胎模型能够完全通过这三种干细胞类型的自组织来实现这一点,而无需提供任何额外的外部信号线索(图1)。

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1. 体外培养与发育过程(图源自Nature 

与其他干细胞衍生的胚胎模型相比,神经胚状体以非常类似于天然胚胎的方式进行头褶结构的形态发生。该研究胚胎的这种扩展发育可能依赖于它们形成前部信号中心(anterior visceral endoderm, AVE)的能力,该中心保护前部胚胎区域免受促进后部发育的信号的影响,并能够正确定位原肠原条的位置,就像在天然胚胎中一样。

总之,这些事件使原始条纹前面的区域能够正确地指导前脑和中脑的形成。ETiX 类胚的自然原肠胚形成运动使它们能够通过神经管的形成、体节发生的开始以及包括心脏样结构在内的中胚层结构的产生进行神经化(图2)。虽然 ETiX 类胚胎的胚胎谱系非常接近自然发育,但胚胎外谱系显示出一些偏差。这可能反映了与母体环境缺乏接触(在胎盘外锥已经开始发育时恢复了自然胚胎)。

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2. ETiX 胚胎发育前脑和带图案的神经管(图源自Nature 

事实上,研究者们还报告了一个类似的胚胎模型,其中TSCs与诱导表达 Cdx2 ESCs 交换。这些研究增加了先前关于使用 ESCs 形成胚外外胚层(extraembryonic ectoderm, ExE 谱系产生胚状体的报告。胚胎外谱系仅来自胚胎干细胞的胚胎也可以发育到神经发育阶段。与只有胚胎外 XEN 细胞来自 ESCs 的合成类胚相比,这种情况发生的效率较低。

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3. ETiX 胚胎中胚胎外谱系的表征(图源自Nature 

有趣的是,具有诱导TSCs的胚胎在其胚胎外区室发育方面表现出更大的缺陷,这与胚胎组织形成的缺陷有关。此外,天然胚胎和 ETiX 胚胎在神经外胚层中表达相似水平的 Sox1Sox2Pax6  Pax3,并表现出相似的角蛋白基因表达的表面外胚层特征。因此,神经胚状体的组织特异性基因表达模式与天然胚胎非常相似。

总之,该研究证明在神经胚状体中复制 Pax6 敲除的后果,这说明了这种完整的胚胎模型具有在不需要实验动物的情况下剖析调节发育的遗传因素的潜力。预计该系统将广泛应用于剖析分子途径并筛选影响胚胎发生的化学实体。由于ETiX类胚胎捕获了丰富的发育内容,因此它们为揭示发育和疾病机制提供了重要机会。

原文链接:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05246-3

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    2022-08-30 wmr116

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