Science:发现明星癌基因BRCA1的新功能

2014-03-19 佚名 生物通

癌基因BRCA1因能够生成修复损伤DNA的蛋白质,抑制乳腺癌和卵巢癌为世人所知。一项新研究发现它还有可能调控了大脑尺寸。携带BRCA1突变基因的小鼠神经元的数量减少10倍,且具有其他的脑异常。研究作者指出,在人类携带者中BRCA1突变不太可能对脑尺寸和功能造成这样显著的影响,研究结果可能阐明了这一基因在脑进化中的作用。 PLoS Biol 2(5): e134 (2004) 很早以前科学家

癌基因BRCA1因能够生成修复损伤DNA的蛋白质,抑制乳腺癌和卵巢癌为世人所知。一项新研究发现它还有可能调控了大脑尺寸。携带BRCA1突变基因的小鼠神经元的数量减少10倍,且具有其他的脑异常。研究作者指出,在人类携带者中BRCA1突变不太可能对脑尺寸和功能造成这样显著的影响,研究结果可能阐明了这一基因在脑进化中的作用。


PLoS Biol 2(5): e134 (2004)

很早以前科学家们就已经知道,BRCA1基因是防范可导致卵巢癌和乳腺癌的DNA损伤的一个重要哨兵。超过一半携带突变BRCA1基因的妇女将会形成乳腺癌,这使得一些携带这一突变的女性选择接受预防性的乳房切除术。

新研究的领导者、Salk生物研究院遗传学家和分子生物学家Inder Verm说,但对于它在乳腺和卵巢之外的作用却不是太清楚。没有BRCA1的小鼠在出生后不久即死亡,因此,很明显这一基因是维持生命所必要的,而科学家们才刚刚开始去探索它许多其他的功能。

几年前,Verma实验室的一个学生注意到BRCA1在神经外胚层中非常活跃,这一狭长的胚胎组织中包含着可以分裂和分化为大脑各种细胞类型和结构的神经干细胞。Verma和同事们想知道为什么BRCA1基因会在这一区域以如此高的水平表达,如果除去它又会发生什么。

他们构建出了一种只有神经干细胞中BRCA1敲除的小鼠品系。Verma研究小组发现,当小鼠发育时它们的大脑只有正常的三分之一大小,与学习和记忆相关的大脑区域显著减小。成年小鼠呈现摇晃、醉酒步态——共济失调的一种信号症状。共济失调是一种影响肌肉控制盒平衡的神经紊乱综合症。

Verma、实验室成员Gerald Pao以及同事们着手确定了删除BRCA1导致这样一些问题的原因。尽管神经干细胞以正常速度分裂,在它们形成后不久即有异常高数量的细胞死亡。研究人员还发现当细胞分裂时BRCA1蛋白帮助防止了DNA断裂。没有BRCA诱导DNA修复,ATM激酶分子感知到过量的DNA断裂,会激活一种化学信号通路杀死受损细胞。因此,在BRCA1基因缺陷的小鼠中,消除的细胞数量要远远多于正常大脑发育破坏的细胞数量。Verma说许多存活下来的细胞畸形及结构破坏,表明了缺陷性DNA包装的附加影响。这种细胞混乱与癌症中所见相似:癌细胞和这些脑细胞均显示“无序行为”。

Verma很快指出,尽管在两个个案研究中BRCA1突变与脑异常相关联,在小鼠中证实的这些显著影响不太可能发生于BRCA1突变的妇女。相比于小鼠没有任何的BRCA1基因,人类妇女还带有一些功能性的BRCA1。

Verma说,新数据表明BRCA有可能在脑尺寸进化中发挥了作用。一些与小头畸形相关的基因直接控制了BRCA1的表达水平。

德国马克斯普朗克分子细胞生物学和遗传学研究所分子生物学家Jeremy Pulvers的实验室在早前的一篇论文中提出了相似的结果,他认为:“新研究提供了进一步的证据表明BRCA1……在脑尺寸调控中发挥了特异作用。”“这提供了有关大脑快速增殖细胞中基因组保护机制的重要基础科学,”Baylor医学院神经科学家Huda Zoghbi说。

原始出处:

Famous Breast Cancer Gene Could Affect Brain Growth.Science New Mar 17 2014 

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