Cell:鉴定出调节食物摄入的味觉回路

2016-04-08 佚名 生物谷

包括人类在内的所有动物喜欢甜食,特别是在饥饿时。但是如果你在正常情形下从不抗拒甜点的话,那么作为一项科学实验,试着狼吞虎咽6个甜甜圈。吃完后,即便是一块最可口的巧克力蛋糕也将并不那么勾起你的食欲,而且你也很可能吃得更少。 大脑加工很多有助调节我们吃什么和吃多少的信号。我们如何知道哪些口味好而哪些口味不好呢?当我们并不那么饿时,或者,当在长时间锻炼之后我们极度饥饿时,我们的大脑如何告诉我们吃

包括人类在内的所有动物喜欢甜食,特别是在饥饿时。但是如果你在正常情形下从不抗拒甜点的话,那么作为一项科学实验,试着狼吞虎咽6个甜甜圈。吃完后,即便是一块最可口的巧克力蛋糕也将并不那么勾起你的食欲,而且你也很可能吃得更少。

大脑加工很多有助调节我们吃什么和吃多少的信号。我们如何知道哪些口味好而哪些口味不好呢?当我们并不那么饿时,或者,当在长时间锻炼之后我们极度饥饿时,我们的大脑如何告诉我们吃多少?

在一项新的研究中,来自美国洛克菲勒大学的研究人员针对果蝇开展研究。他们鉴定出一组神经元仅当果蝇吃非常甜的溶液时才被激活,尤其是在果蝇饥饿的时候。如果食物并不那么甜,或者当果蝇相对较饱时,那么这些神经元将不会变得那么活跃。这一发现有助我们更进一步理解进食的生物学机制。相关研究结果于2016年3月31日在线发表在Cell期刊上,论文标题为“A Taste Circuit that Regulates Ingestion by Integrating Food and Hunger Signals”。论文通信作者是洛克菲勒大学神经遗传学与行为实验室主任Leslie Vosshall教授。

研究人员吃惊地发现大脑中的这些神经元与咽喉中的味觉神经元连接在一起,而不是与果蝇舔吸式口器中的神经元连接在一起,这意味着果蝇在摄入食物时能够直接品尝和监控它。

论文第一作者、Vosshall实验室博士后研究员Nilay Yapici说,“果蝇大脑中的这些神经元是味觉回路(taste circuit)中的一部分。”这种味觉回路中的一些部分存在于包括小鼠和人类在内的很多其他动物体内,而且这项研究接下来的步骤之一就是研究其他的部分,如Yapici和Vosshall在果蝇中鉴定出的这些特异性神经元,是否也存在于哺乳动物大脑中。Yapici说,“我们仍然不知道是否是这种情形,但是这将会是非常令人兴奋的,特别是如果它能够让我们更多地了解我们的进食方式和为何我们经常吃太多。”

进食时间

下面似乎就是这种回路的工作方式:果蝇咽喉中的味觉神经元连接到一组12个被称作IN1细胞的神经元,接着,这些神经元将信号传递给告诉大脑是否持续吃食物的神经回路。

Yapici说,“这12个中间神经元(interneuron)协助大脑鉴定出果蝇正在吃什么,也有助调节是否继续或者停止进食。如果我们给果蝇提供甜的食物,而且它们饥饿的话,那么它们将持续地吃。如果食物不那么甜,它们就不会吃那么多。当它们吃时,这些神经元帮助大脑评估它们正在吃什么。”

一种新的方法

追踪果蝇每天吃多少食物是比较困难的。每只果蝇体型较小,每天大约吃1微升食物,这使得测量食物摄入量的细小差异非常困难。就当前的这项研究而言,Yapici、Vosshall和他们的同事们开创出一种他们称作为Expresso的新技术,即一种极为精密的传感器,它能够实时地持续记录果蝇吃了多少食物。

当果蝇正在吃食物时,研究人员能够观察到它们的大脑监控神经元中的钙离子水平(用于评估神经元活性)。

为了鉴定出参与进食行为的特异性神经元,研究人员抑制不同的神经元群体,然后观察随后发生什么变化。他们发现当抑制IN1细胞时,果蝇开始进食,但是会提前停止进食,即便它们仍然饥饿。Yapici说,“抑制这些神经元的活性似乎阻止食物摄入。”更为重要的是,当研究人员再次激活这些神经元时,吃饱喝足的果蝇也会进食就好像它们饥饿一样。

接下来,研究人员观察这组特异性的神经元在正常情形下如何作出表现。他们发现当饥饿的果蝇即便吸入少量可口的甜食时,这些IN1细胞也会被激活,而且在食物摄入后好几分钟内仍然保持活跃状态。研究人员认为这些IN1细胞的活性促进果蝇摄入食物。因此,这是有道理的:当果蝇不饿且遇到甜食时,这些神经元仍然是有活性的,但是相对较快地平息下来;当果蝇饥饿且只有不那么可口的食物时,这些神经元仍然表现出活性激增,但是会很快地平息下来,类似于吃饱喝足的果蝇吃甜食时发生的情形。在每种情形下,IN1细胞的活性反映了果蝇的进食行为。

继续开展研究

研究人员认为这些发现可能对诸如肥胖之类的食物摄入相关性疾病产生影响。Yapici说,“研究食物摄入行为的目标是理解让我们吃食物的生物学信号。”

通过对果蝇---想对于哺乳动物,具有相对较小的大脑---开展研究,研究人员能够更加容易地鉴定和操纵调节食物摄入的特异性神经回路,然后观察类似的途径是否也在具有更加复杂的神经回路的动物(如小鼠和其他的哺乳动物)中发挥作用。Yapici说,“如果你发现果蝇中的一种神经机制,那么你能够在模式生物小鼠中寻找类似的机制。这是因为你知道你在寻找什么,这可能更加容易找到。”

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    2016-04-25 维他命
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    2016-08-15 忠诚向上

    好好学习一下

    0

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    2016-04-14 李继凯

    值得关注

    0

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    2016-04-14 李继凯

    文章不错

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959586, encodeId=d19f1959586f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Mon Apr 25 05:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869329, encodeId=7048186932926, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 07:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=98901, encodeId=ceb19890100, content=好好学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Aug 15 19:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78224, encodeId=9720e8224fe, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Thu Apr 14 18:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78223, encodeId=d416e82238e, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Thu Apr 14 18:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1414117, encodeId=1d80141411e7b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e215868e93c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#节食#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86879, encryptionId=e215868e93c, topicName=节食)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=da0d3042812, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sun Apr 10 00:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416705, encodeId=8a321416e05dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Sun Apr 10 00:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=76424, encodeId=e7ebe6424db, content=知足, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTK29w9r0upRgxUXHNhe7bd3VxHnhBSpibMbKOjtX92zXr78SkuZfUNuADrjHiaw6uibZaEYjh9cJLzew/132, createdBy=261e1682638, createdName=1de3b290m83(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Apr 08 19:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-10 lsndxfj
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    2016-04-10 yhy100201
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    2016-04-08 1de3b290m83(暂无匿称)

    知足

    0

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