沈雳:对肾动脉去交感神经消融术保持谨慎乐观

2016-12-26 MedSci MedSci原创

导语“深圳国际心血管病论坛、亚洲心脏病学会年会、中国南方心脏介入研讨会、中国心血管外科技术与工程大会”于2016年12月16~18日在深圳隆重召开。12月16日,教育部心血管介入治疗技术与器械工程研究中心副主任、中国心血管医生创新俱乐部(CCI)秘书长、复旦大学附属中山医院心内科沈雳教授在会上就目前颇具争议的肾动脉去交感神经消融术进行了回顾和探讨,并表示自己对肾动脉去交感神经消融术保持谨慎乐观

导语
“深圳国际心血管病论坛、亚洲心脏病学会年会、中国南方心脏介入研讨会、中国心血管外科技术与工程大会”于2016年12月16~18日在深圳隆重召开。12月16日,教育部心血管介入治疗技术与器械工程研究中心副主任、中国心血管医生创新俱乐部(CCI)秘书长、复旦大学附属中山医院心内科沈雳教授在会上就目前颇具争议的肾动脉去交感神经消融术进行了回顾和探讨,并表示自己对肾动脉去交感神经消融术保持谨慎乐观态度。


沈雳教授作报告

1RDN:从心花怒放到被泼冷水,到重新认识


沈雳教授演讲的题目是《肾动脉去交感神经消融术再认识及中国最新临床研究进展》。他首先回顾了近年来肾动脉去交感神经消融术(RDN)在国际上的发展历程。指出这一技术经历了从2010年到2013年备受瞩目,各种新技术如雨后春笋般出现,可以说是一个心花怒放的时期;到2014年美敦力宣布Symplicity HTN-3没有达到临床标准后的一个低迷状态;再到现在人们又开始重新对这一技术进行再认识的过程。

他首先对RDN主要临床试验对比进行了回顾。HTN-1、HTN-2、HTN-3从一个没有对照组的研究,到随机对照的规模研究,到择机单盲有假手术组的研究,确实从临床设计上越来越严谨。

从HTN-1、HTN-2的研究看,结果都是良好的,但Symplicity HTN-3 6个月随访结果显示没有达到有效性终点:诊室收缩压手术组下降−14.13±23.93 mmHg,假手术组下降−11.74±25.94 mmHg,没有显著性差异。这表明,虽然患者血压有所下降,但没有显著性差异,于是就提出血压的下降主要源于安慰剂效应。这一研究为RDN治疗泼了一盆冷水。

沈雳教授表示,虽然结果不如人意,但我们也看到了阴性结果背后阳性的一些启示:一是有39%的病人改变了用药,其中69%的原因是服用最大耐受剂量引起的临床症状和不良反应,说明不是所有患者都能够耐受最大剂量。他同时提出,协同RDN治疗对高血压患者,尤其是顽固性高血压患者是有积极意义的。二是单纯从技术上讲,治疗组增加消融点的数量,血压下降更明显。双侧消融点的总数在12~13个的,动态收缩压下降幅度最大,同时没有不良事件发生的增加。

Global Symplicity Registry从2012年2月开始,目前招募中。这一研究在全球134个中心进行,有≤5 000例受试者参加注册研究。研究显示,术后6个月后患者的血压分布更加均匀。虽然还有少量患者血压仍在170mmHg以上,但血压明显改善的患者逐步增加。因为这一研究是一个大数据的研究结果,可以认为6个月的血压下降值是有统计意义的。随访结果也证明了对于普通高血压和严重高血压病人,RDN是有效的治疗手段。

DENERHTN研究在优化用药的基础上,又增加了手术,该试验进一步固定了用药的原则,使基线更加统一。6个月动态血压随访显示:患者日间收缩压、夜间收缩压和24小时收缩压均较对照组下降,并有显著性意义。

2015年6月开始的Spyral On-Med和Spyral Off-Med研究,把临床设计进行了一个非常大胆的改进,尤其是Spyral Off-Med研究,采取随机、对照、单盲,假手术方式,采取服药、不服药加器械直接进行对照方式。如果手术结果呈阳性,将会颠覆高血压治疗主要依靠药物治疗的思路。沈雳教授表示,可以说,这是对RDN治疗终极手段的对比,最终结果将在很大程度上决定RDN的未来命运。

2从WHO,HOW,WHERE三个角度进行反思
沈雳教授指出,现在很多研究已经证明RDN对交感神经的控制是有一定的降压效果的,RDN手术是安全的,都没有发生严重的并发症。所以,有必要从不同的环节对肾动脉去交感神经技术环节进行重新分析,看看还有哪些存在的问题被我们忽视了?
他认为,可以从WHO,HOW,WHERE三个角度进行重新梳理。

WHO就是研究对象是谁?研究表明,非非洲裔的美国人对RDN敏感,而非非洲裔且未用血管扩张剂vasodilator的美国人更加敏感。这表明,临床的研究是有一定的局限性的,所以中国还要进行RDN的研究,因为我们对中国人的敏感性并不知道。

HOW就是如何消融?研究表明,消融点越多,血压下降越明显。因为神经是围绕肾动脉分布的,一旦消融大于12个点后,效果会更好。除点数外,还要消融不同的象限,通过把血管分成4个象限进行消融,可以发现2根肾动脉均行4象限消融更有效。但实际上,这部分病人在 HTN-3中占的比例是比较小的。最近我们在动物实验中也发现,消融受很多人为技术因素影响,早期的点状消融导管很容易遗漏消融点。

WHERE就是在什么地方消融?既往在中部进行消融,是远远不够的,有研究证明是在远端更好,理想的消融是(IVY),I是主要的血管,就是一根;V是分支的形象,Y是连主支带分支一起消,理想的消融是这4个点完全覆盖,但目前的器械还远远不能达到这样的治疗效果。



3新技术有望进一步提高导管消融效果

沈雳教授对肾动脉去交感神经消融术新技术进行了介绍,其中一个是冷冻消融。冷冻消融具有实现360度环面消融,消融有效率高;操作简单、手术时程短;血管和内膜胶原组织完整保留,血栓风险、血管狭窄等并发症少;患者疼痛小,病人术中术后舒适度高的优点。

沈雳教授介绍说,基于这些优点,复旦大学附属中山医院研发了360度的冷冻消融导管,用液氮进行传导,最低温在体内控制在-60度以下,进行每侧肾动脉3分钟消融,早期动物实验显示其对肾交感神经的有效损伤。



在此研究基础上,在中山医院目前正同时开展几项不同的RDN临床研究,这个研究有两个改变,一是对入选患者的药物进行了调整,二是器械进行了改变,目前这个研究正在进行。

从患者的选择上看,目前也不再是原来的顽固性高血压,而是难以控制的高血压,也就是不要求患者一定要吃4种药,这样会适当地扩大入选的人群。在临床中很多不愿意长期服药的,或者用药依从性比较差的患者,在肾交感神经安全的前提下,可以尝试RDN技术。

从冷冻导管消融的初步结果看,对大于160mmHg的患者进行了消融。通过第一例的病例,我们看到术后6个月,管腔内膜没有明显的增生和损伤,6个月患者的收缩压下降了20mmHg,舒张压下降10mmHg。目前有3例患者正在进行随访,结果还有待进一步观察。

沈雳教授介绍说,从器械的改进看,除了冷冻消融导管,在射频导管方面也进行改进,一个方向是对神经进行精准的标测定位后予以治疗,以期达到更加有效的降压效果;第二个方向是采用微灌注肾动脉交感神经射频消融,即在导管消融的同时,通过导管上面的一些微孔快速喷射低温的冷盐水,将可以导致内皮损伤的局部高热快速疏散。这样可以把消融的能量从8瓦左右提高到12瓦左右,使其对外膜神经的杀伤更加有效。

4,对RDN研究抱有谨慎乐观的态度
他认为,回顾以往实验,在实验设计上逐步完善,但在很多病人的选择、器械和方法的改进、医生的技术操作规范化方面都还有改进的空间。如HTN-3中,每个医生只有4~5个病人的手术量,从学习曲线看还是远远不够的。

其次,要选择合适的病人,现在认为,年轻、中度高血压的病人较年纪大的病人有更强的交感神经反应系统,采用RDN手术更加有效。

第三,对于分支神经的消融是我们未来研究的重点,目前很多导管还不能延伸到<4mm直径的肾动脉里面。

沈雳教授表示,总体来说,通过对临床研究的回顾和器械的进一步改进,我们对这一研究抱有谨慎乐观的态度。


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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1737181, encodeId=2b131e3718111, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c17a8249897' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82498, encryptionId=c17a8249897, topicName=肾动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fc5934261565, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Fri Jan 27 02:22:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1797940, encodeId=32de1e97940a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=75d42435071' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#交感神经消融#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24350, encryptionId=75d42435071, topicName=交感神经消融)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37d0457, createdName=yhj-time, createdTime=Tue Sep 05 00:22:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648783, encodeId=38a21648e8316, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=699b233e229' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乐观#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23372, encryptionId=699b233e229, topicName=乐观)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e79123671906, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Thu Apr 20 08:22:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1421650, encodeId=8b811421650ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4bc865819d2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消融#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65819, encryptionId=4bc865819d2, topicName=消融)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1a193676008, createdName=xiangyuzhou972, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 05:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1560247, encodeId=5347156024ef7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fd65826da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消融术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65826, encryptionId=a9fd65826da, topicName=消融术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4415117207, createdName=dingxiaobo, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 05:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1566256, encodeId=8ffa156625675, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fd65826da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消融术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65826, encryptionId=a9fd65826da, topicName=消融术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4415117207, createdName=dingxiaobo, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 05:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-20 yaanren
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1737181, encodeId=2b131e3718111, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c17a8249897' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82498, encryptionId=c17a8249897, topicName=肾动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fc5934261565, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Fri Jan 27 02:22:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1797940, encodeId=32de1e97940a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=75d42435071' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#交感神经消融#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24350, encryptionId=75d42435071, topicName=交感神经消融)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37d0457, createdName=yhj-time, createdTime=Tue Sep 05 00:22:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648783, encodeId=38a21648e8316, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=699b233e229' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乐观#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23372, encryptionId=699b233e229, topicName=乐观)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e79123671906, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Thu Apr 20 08:22:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1421650, encodeId=8b811421650ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4bc865819d2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消融#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65819, encryptionId=4bc865819d2, topicName=消融)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1a193676008, createdName=xiangyuzhou972, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 05:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1560247, encodeId=5347156024ef7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fd65826da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消融术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65826, encryptionId=a9fd65826da, topicName=消融术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4415117207, createdName=dingxiaobo, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 05:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1566256, encodeId=8ffa156625675, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fd65826da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消融术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65826, encryptionId=a9fd65826da, topicName=消融术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4415117207, createdName=dingxiaobo, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 05:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1737181, encodeId=2b131e3718111, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c17a8249897' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82498, encryptionId=c17a8249897, topicName=肾动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fc5934261565, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Fri Jan 27 02:22:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1797940, encodeId=32de1e97940a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=75d42435071' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#交感神经消融#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24350, encryptionId=75d42435071, topicName=交感神经消融)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37d0457, createdName=yhj-time, createdTime=Tue Sep 05 00:22:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648783, encodeId=38a21648e8316, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=699b233e229' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乐观#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23372, encryptionId=699b233e229, topicName=乐观)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e79123671906, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Thu Apr 20 08:22:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1421650, encodeId=8b811421650ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4bc865819d2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消融#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65819, encryptionId=4bc865819d2, topicName=消融)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1a193676008, createdName=xiangyuzhou972, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 05:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1560247, encodeId=5347156024ef7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fd65826da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消融术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65826, encryptionId=a9fd65826da, topicName=消融术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4415117207, createdName=dingxiaobo, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 05:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1566256, encodeId=8ffa156625675, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fd65826da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消融术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65826, encryptionId=a9fd65826da, topicName=消融术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4415117207, createdName=dingxiaobo, createdTime=Wed Dec 28 05:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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