OCC 2016:指南中新型抗凝药物的应用原则

2016-05-31 MedSci MedSci原创

在2016年OCC大会5月28日的血栓病论坛上,北京安贞医院的聂绍平教授介绍了指南中推荐的比伐卢定、达比加群等抗凝药物在临床抗凝治疗中的重要作用。

在2016年OCC大会5月28日的血栓病论坛上,北京安贞医院的聂绍平教授介绍了指南中推荐的比伐卢定、达比加群等抗凝药物在临床抗凝治疗中的重要作用。

抗凝治疗是ACS治疗的基石,也是房颤治疗的关键。

NEST-ACS:

*2014年ACCF/AHA的NEST-ACS指南指出,无论初始治疗策略如何所有NEST-ACS患者均应给予抗凝联合抗血小板治疗;

*2015年EVS/EACTS的NEST-ACS指南指出,根据缺血和初学风险、疗效/安全性选择抗凝剂(I/B);

*2016中国PCI指南指出,所有患者PCI术中在抗血小板药物治疗基础上加用抗凝药物(I/B),结合考虑缺血和出血风险及安全性和有效性,选择性地使用抗凝药物(I/C)。

STEMI:

*2013年ACCF/AHA的STEMI指南指出,直接PCI时建议应用抗凝药物。静脉溶栓患者,应至少接受48h抗凝治疗(最多8天或至血运重建)(I/A);

*2012年ESC的STEMI指南指出,直接PCI时应用注射的抗凝药物(1/C);溶栓患者接收抗凝治疗(直至血运重建或最多8天)(I/A);

*2015中国PCI指南指出,所有患者PCI术中在抗血小板治疗的基础上加用抗凝药物(I/A);结合考虑缺血和出血风险及安全性和有效性,选择性地使用抗凝药物(I/C)。

房颤:

2014ACCAHA/HRSF房颤指南抗栓治疗推荐有卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作病史或者CHA2DS2-VASC≥2患者应服用口服抗凝药,可选择华法林(I/A)、达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班(I/B)。

一、直接凝血酶抑制剂

达比加群

达比加群酯是继华法林之后50年来上市的的首个新型口服抗凝血药物,它是一种全新的直接凝血酶抑制剂(DTI ),口服用药后,迅速在胃和小肠被吸收,并通过非特异性酶的蛋白水解作用转变成活性产物——达比加群,以浓度依赖的方式特异性阻断凝血酶(游离型或血栓结合型)而发挥强效抗血栓作用。

文献报道,在用于非瓣膜病房颤(AF)时,与控制良好的华法林相比,达比加群酯显著降低卒中或全身性栓塞风险达35%,其中达比加群酯150mg可显著降低缺血性卒中风险。发表在2013年NEJM上的FDA2010~2011上市后分析数据显示,在54000例房颤患者中,与华法林想必,使用达比加群的患者发生消化道出血事件和颅内出血事件的概率要小得多。

比卢伐定

比卢伐定能同时抑制可溶性和与血栓结合的凝血酶。

2014ACCF/AHA的NEST-ACS指南中提到,拟进行早期侵入策略(诊断性造影或PCI)的患者,在DAPT基础上应该用比卢伐定(0.1mg负荷,后0.25mg/kg/h)±GPI(I/B);已接受UFH的患者,停药30min,PCI前给予静脉负荷量0.75mg/kg,随后1.75mg/kg/h静脉输注;已接受比卢伐定的患者,PCI前额外给予负荷量0.5mg/kg,PCI时增加至1.75mg/kg/h。

2015ESC的NEST-ACS指南指出,NEST-ACS PCI中可使用比伐卢定(0.75mg/kg,后1.75mg/kg/h到术后4h)替代UFH+GPI(I/A)。

随着EUROMAX研究和HEAT PPCI研究发现比卢伐定会增加术后30天支架血栓发生率、增加MACE事件和药物成本等,它在STEMI指南中的推荐级别也发生了一些变化,2010年EVS/EACTS血运重建指南推荐比卢伐定单药使用为I/B,而2014年版修改为“比卢伐定0.75mg/kg静推,继以1.75mg/kg/h静滴,不超过术后4小时(IIa/A)。

二、直接Xa抑制剂

这类药物中的利伐沙班和阿哌沙班在2014ACCAHA/HRSF房颤指南中的推荐级别与达比加群一样为I/A,同时,指南还指出当用华法林抗凝治疗无法维持INR目标值时,推荐直接凝血酶抑制剂或直接Xa抑制剂(I/C),启动直接凝血酶抑制剂或Xa因子抑制剂治疗之前需要评估肾功能,治疗后至少一年重新评估一次(I/B)。

随着抗凝药物的发展和更新换代,新型的抗凝药逐渐演变成口服化、作用靶点单一化、直接作用于凝血因子,表现出剂量固定、治疗窗宽、疗效可预测相互作用等优点。由于传统的口服抗凝剂华法林存在诸多缺点,如治疗窗窄、与药物和食物的相互作用、频繁调整剂量等,新型口服抗凝剂(NOACs)应运而生,可用于房颤患者预防卒中,能够更好地降低卒中发生率而不增加出血风险。

尽管如此,应用NOACs也要注意肾脏疾病和药物间的相互作用。当然,临床上也有许多因素制约着它的发展,诸如费用与效用之间的平衡、未知的长期效应以及华法林在社区中的普及等。

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    2016-06-02 heli0118
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    2016-05-31 沉心多思

    看药物越来越先进

    0

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    2016-05-31 足球疯子

    抗凝抗凝

    0

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