罕见的先天性疾病导致的肝硬化

2017-12-21 MedSci MedSci原创

本病血中某种酶缺乏引起的一种先天性代谢病,通过常染色体遗传。临床常导致新生儿肝炎,婴幼儿和成人的肝硬化 、肝癌 和肺气肿 等。本病导致的肝病的治疗应与其他原因导致的肝病进行鉴别。 病史: 患者女,45岁,3年前无明显诱因出现乏力、食欲缺乏、尿黄伴胸闷、气促,在当地医院诊断为不明原因肝硬化、气胸、肺大泡,多次予护肝、抗感染等综合治疗,病情反复。入院前2个月再度无明显诱因出现乏

本病血中某种酶缺乏引起的一种先天性代谢病,通过常染色体遗传。临床常导致新生儿肝炎,婴幼儿和成人的肝硬化 、肝癌 和肺气肿 等。本病导致的肝病的治疗应与其他原因导致的肝病进行鉴别。

病史

患者女,45岁,3年前无明显诱因出现乏力、食欲缺乏、尿黄伴胸闷、气促,在当地医院诊断为不明原因肝硬化、气胸、肺大泡,多次予护肝、抗感染等综合治疗,病情反复。入院前2个月再度无明显诱因出现乏力、食欲缺乏、尿黄,伴腹胀、尿少,活动后稍感胸闷、气短,无咯血、胸痛,因症状持续无好转,遂再入院。

查体

患者神志清,精神疲软,面色晦暗,意识清楚,对答如流,双眼各向运动自如,双侧瞳孔等大同圆,双眼对光反射灵敏,双侧额纹等深对称,鼻唇沟等深对称,伸舌居中,咽反射正常,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音,律齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音。腹部膨隆,肝肋下未触及,剑突下2cm,质硬,缘锐,脾肋下2cm,移动性浊音阳性。双下肢I度凹陷性水肿,四肢肌力5级,四肢肌张力正常,四肢腱反射对称引出,双侧病理征未引出,感觉系统未查及异常,双侧指鼻试验稳准,跟膝胫试验未见异常,余神经系统查体未见异常。

辅助检查:

胸部CT示:肺气肿、左侧液气胸、左肺底多发肺大泡;

肝脏CT检查示:肝硬化、脾大、腹水;

肝脏穿刺活组织病理检查肝细胞广泛疏松化,部分呈大细胞样改变;汇管区纤维组织显著增生,并穿插分割肝组织;汇管区尚可见中等量慢性炎细胞浸润及个别闭锁状态的小胆管;

高碘酸希夫(PAS)染色示:肝细胞强阳性,其内可见大量红色小体;

血常规示:血白细胞5.9×10^9/L、中性粒细胞72%、淋巴细胞18.3%、血小板60×10^9/L、红细胞3.1×10^12/L、血红蛋白105g/L;

大生化:白蛋白30g/L;g/L;球蛋白21.7g/L、总胆红素158.1μmol/L、直接胆红素98.5μmol/L、间接胆红素59.6μmol/L、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)358U/L、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)294U/L、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)669U/L、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)948U/L;

其他:血清铁22.6μmol/L、总铁结合力44.7μmol/L、转铁蛋白1.4g/L、铜蓝蛋白451mg/L;

简要解析:

该种酶是一种主要由肝细胞合成的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,具有抑制胰蛋白酶、嗜中性弹性蛋白酶等多种蛋白酶的作用。血清中该酶通过抑制各种蛋白酶,保护组织免受蛋白酶破坏,从而维持机体内环境的稳定。该病是一种常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,严重缺乏者主要见于PiZZ 型纯合子,中度缺乏者见于PiSS 纯合子、PiSZ 及PiMZ 杂合子等,北美及北欧儿童发病率较高,PiZZ 基因合成正常量的该酶,基因突变后可导致蛋白序列错误折叠,错误折叠的蛋白未经适当修饰累积在内质网,不能正常分泌,且具有缺陷的该酶分子可使肝细胞内质网变得肿胀,并损伤细胞。多数错误折叠的该酶可被降解,但在蛋白合成增加如急性感染时,蛋白质出现累积可引起严重的肝脏损害,同时血清中正常的该酶缺乏可导致肝细胞脆弱,阻碍肝毒素物质所引起的肝脏恢复,故该病是导致儿童肝硬化的原因之一。另外,该酶为呼吸系统的非特异性可溶因子,与呼吸道抵抗力关系密切,炎症反应期间,弹性蛋白酶特异地降解肺组织中称为弹性硬蛋白的初级基质蛋白,一旦机体弹性硬蛋白降解过多,必然导致组织损害。该酶可结合弹性蛋白酶,形成一种无活性的复合物从血清中清除。本病患者由于失去了正常该酶的保护,肺泡结构中的弹性蛋白被弹性蛋白酶进行性破坏,从而产生组织损害,使患者发生肺气肿的危险性增加。通过以上的信息,诸位猜到本病的诊断了吗?

完整病例请前往【梅斯医生】→病例库→肝胆胰外科→“乏力纳差尿黄胸闷气促3年,再发2个月

更多点评分析,趣味的学习,详情尽在梅斯医生上,您可以在这里体验模拟诊疗

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    2017-12-23 huirong
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    2017-12-23 syscxl
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    2017-12-22 人间可客

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-12-22 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

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    2017-12-21 hhh678

    henhao

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