Nat Biol Engin:中国科学家构建筛查新法,1微升血清20分钟内“识别”6种癌症

2019-01-29 韩扬眉 科学网

日前,中科院国家纳米中心研究员孙佳姝团队构建了一套高“性价比”的癌症筛查方法:只需1微升血清(通常采血管采血量的1/5000),通过对其中细胞外囊泡的检测,就可在20分钟内对6种癌症进行早期筛查,同时也能较为准确地对癌症进行分类。

癌症的发生总是“悄无声息”,当真正被医生确诊时,也许患者早已病入膏肓。如果简单验个血就能解密癌症的“个性特点”,早日将癌症扼杀在萌芽之中,那该有多好!


日前,中科院国家纳米中心研究员孙佳姝团队构建了一套高“性价比”的癌症筛查方法:只需1微升血清(通常采血管采血量的1/5000),通过对其中细胞外囊泡的检测,就可在20分钟内对6种癌症进行早期筛查,同时也能较为准确地对癌症进行分类。

近年来,研究发现血液及其他体液中含有癌症来源的物质,可以实现疾病的分子鉴定,有助于早期诊断、准确预测、个性化治疗以及疾病监测,这些物质主要包括循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs), 肿瘤细胞外囊泡(EVs),循环肿瘤DNA等。

“它们特指从原发肿瘤细胞脱落进入外周血液循环的生物标志物。”孙佳姝告诉《中国科学报》记者。

这种检测方法被称为肿瘤液体活检技术。孙佳姝介绍,该技术不仅可以用于某些类型实体肿瘤的早期诊断,而且能够监测肿瘤复发,评估疗效,具有标本易获得、创伤性小、非侵入性、可反复采集等优势。

作为液体活检标志物中的“后起之秀”,“肿瘤细胞外囊泡”是肿瘤细胞分泌到胞外环境的具有膜结构的囊泡,直径在30-1000 nm之间。

“癌细胞与正常细胞所分泌的EV呈现出不同膜蛋白特征,而这些特征差异就可以用于癌症的筛查与诊断。”孙佳姝表示,相较于循环肿瘤细胞和循环肿瘤DNA来说,肿瘤细胞外囊泡有着很大的优势,比如在血液中的含量丰富,其分析不需要采集大量血液。此外由于膜结构的保护,外泌体膜蛋白在长期冷存的血液中依然能够被分离和检测出来。

然而,理想很丰满,现实很骨感。将EV分析检测广泛应用于临床并不容易。过去的临床应用中,操作者需要长时间的超速离心从血液中提取EV,不仅如此,还容易受到共沉淀的杂蛋白影响。而后续膜蛋白分析手段,如酶联免疫吸附实验、蛋白免疫印迹和质谱等,过程复杂繁琐,成本高耗时长,且需要专业技术人员操作。

“如何在高背景血清或血浆样本中分离提取尺寸较小的EVs,如何提高EVs检测方法的灵敏度,是现有EVs肿瘤液体活检技术面临的重大挑战。”孙佳姝说,现在迫切需要一种更加简单、快速、廉价的EV分析检测手段。

孙佳姝课题组经过近十年的技术积累,找到“妙招”,成功实现了从技术平台向癌症筛查的成功转型。

研究人员首先利用荧光标记的核酸适体特异性识别EVs表面肿瘤相关膜蛋白,也就是在肿瘤细胞上打上“烙印”;接着,研究人员使用了“热泳”技术,通过激光照射微流控芯片后,产生温度梯度,诱导30-1000 nm的EVs快速汇聚至芯片中央,可富集1400倍,而游离的核酸适体或蛋白仍保持分散状态。EVs汇聚后,使用荧光显微镜读取结合在EVs上的核酸适体信号,从而获得EVs膜蛋白组学信息。

最后,研究人员取60份癌症患者与10份健康对照的血清样本,对每份样本进行7种抗原体多靶标检测,用检测结果训练机器学习算法,发现灵敏度与特异性都接近100%。

“利用极少量样本实现早期癌症灵敏度高检测(I期95%),并首次通过EVs进行癌症分类。”孙佳姝表示,不久的将来,这有望成为体检或医院常规的癌症筛查手段,医生只需要取出某种体液(例如血液),并对其中的EVs进行分析即可,以对患者造成更小创伤的方式,对疾病做出诊断。

下一步,他们希望拓展当前平台,实现膜内蛋白与核酸的检测,使之成为通用的EV检测平台。

原始出处:

ChaoLiu, JunxiangZhao, FeiTian1, et.al. Low-cost thermophoretic profiling of extracellular-vesicle surface proteins for the early detection and classification of cancers. Nature Biomedical Engineering 21 January 2019

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    2019-02-07 spoonycyy
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    2019-06-07 liye789132251
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    2019-04-29 sunylz
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