Lancet Psychiatry:驳抗抑郁药“弊大于利”论

2014-06-08 MedSci MedSci原创

精神病学向来遭受着外界反诊断及反治疗方面的攻击。然而,最近有一位医生,Peter Gøtzsche教授,也加入了一个新团体,名曰“循证精神病学委员会”,随之而来的还有一些耸人听闻的论调,如“研究显示:抗抑郁剂弊大于利”或“精神科药物毒害大于治愈”。这些内容堂而皇之地登上了泰晤士报和卫报的头条,引发了又一波非理性争论。尤其令人担忧的是,这位医生同时还是北欧Cochrane协作组织的共同创始

精神病学向来遭受着外界反诊断及反治疗方面的攻击。然而,最近有一位医生,Peter Gøtzsche教授,也加入了一个新团体,名曰“循证精神病学委员会”,随之而来的还有一些耸人听闻的论调,如“研究显示:抗抑郁剂弊大于利”或“精神科药物毒害大于治愈”。这些内容堂而皇之地登上了泰晤士报和卫报的头条,引发了又一波非理性争论。尤其令人担忧的是,这位医生同时还是北欧Cochrane协作组织的共同创始人之一,该机构旨在为临床工作者提供最优质的循证学依据。抗抑郁药疗效及副作用的真相究竟是什么?这位Gøtzsche教授为何把自己的老本行放到一边,转而为这样的争议摇旗呐喊呢?


抑郁是一种严重的复发性疾病。该病是目前欧洲主要的致残原因,2030年预计将成为高收入国家的首要死因。抗抑郁药治疗抑郁急性病例效果显著,需知数(NNT)约为6。例如,Cochrane review最近更新了一项针对阿米替林的研究,该综述共纳入了18项研究及1987名受试者。结果显示,在达到急性期缓解方面,阿米替林远较安慰剂有效(比值比[OR]2.67, 95% CI 2.21-3.23);因治疗无效而退出研究的人数方面,阿米替林同样显著少于安慰剂组。上述结果哪里显示抗抑郁药“弊大于利”了?因副作用退出研究的人数更少,无论研究由药厂还是独立基金会所赞助,结果模式都是一样的。事实上,从总体来看,精神科药物的治疗效应量与治疗躯体疾病的药物别无二致。另外,抗抑郁药还可以有效地预防复发,NNT只有3,这也使得该类药物成为所有药物中疗效最突出者之一。

每年有大约6000名英国人死于自杀。他们中的大部分人存在抑郁状况,超过70%的人在自杀时未服用抗抑郁药。游说团队对抗抑郁药一边倒的谴责可能导致这一群体的规模进一步扩大,而那些抗抑郁药使用得当的国家自杀率均有显著下降。

不可否认,是药三分毒,但即使是在服用过量的情况下,严重或致命的副作用在使用新型抗抑郁药的过程中仍极少见到。事实上,新型抗抑郁药,尤其是SSRIs,是有史以来我们所制造出的最安全的药物种类之一。结合我们的经验来看,绝大部分患者选择继续服药是因为这些药物确实改善了他们的心境,使他们感觉更好,而不是因为处理不了停药之后的戒断症状。抗抑郁药成分所导致的极端副作用案例一方面极其少见,另一方面可能诡异到根本无法解释。将这些极端不寻常或严重的状况归咎于双盲临床试验中基本无害的药物,无异于将民间轶事掺入正史。有时,为了诉讼的需要,真相可能也会被扭曲。

反精神病团体经常宣称,抑郁患者应通过锻炼及心理治疗而非药物来治疗疾病。然而,支持将心理治疗作为重性抑郁患者抗抑郁药治疗替代品的对照研究证据很少。其实,如果以测试药物的标准测试心理治疗,后者能不能被批准用于治疗抑郁都不好说。有些人认为,与药物治疗不同,心理治疗没有什么副作用。这一观点具有很强的误导性。自杀意向甚至成功自杀都是心理治疗的副作用,治疗师与患者之间性方面的麻烦也引起了关注。另外,最近的Cochrane综述得到结论,相比于对照,锻炼疗法“在减少抑郁症状方面有中等程度的疗效;然而,如果只分析那些方法学站得住脚的研究,疗效就差了一些。”而且,患者对于锻炼疗法的接受程度并不高于心理治疗及药物治疗。

究竟是什么使得致力于循证医学的医生制造了一系列关于抗抑郁药的错误论调?我们只能去猜。首先,全科医师(GPs)每天会遇到很多有轻度躯体或精神问题的患者。我们在与GP同事的沟通中得知,GPs心里其实不太愿意去治这一类病人。因此,认为治疗并不太重要可能会使医生自己感觉舒服一些。其次,当今社会思维天马行空而又坚信二元论,用药物治疗某种物质(思维)缺乏的观点可能一上来就显得行不通,非理性,也不是我们所想要的。第三,近些年来有种阴谋论尘嚣日上,即药厂和精神科医生沆瀣一气,致力于创造新的疾病,同时制造一堆不比安慰剂好的药物。反精神病运动本已老掉牙,如今正好借着这股“春风”焕发生机。这种信念的反资本意味也与反精神病及其极端或非正统的政治观点之间的相关性产生了共振。

不管原因如何,Gøtzsche教授所提出的这些极端观点是对精神病学这一学科的侮辱,同时在一定程度上体现并强化了精神障碍及其患者的污名。医疗从业者应具有自主的判断力,并与这种未经慎重考虑的负能量观点发起强力挑战。

原始出处:
Harlan M. Krumholz,Attacks on antidepressants: signs of deep-seated stigma?Lancet Psychiatry Published Online May 27, 2014 

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    2014-12-14 wetgdt
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    2014-06-13 pullo

    脑残不是这边多就是那边少

    0

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