胫骨髓内钉开髓点取骨植骨治疗胫骨骨折不愈合效果良好

2012-08-20 紫川秀第二 丁香园

    骨折不愈合或延迟愈合时手术医生往往选择更换内固定+骨折部位植骨的方式进行外科处理。尽管目前已经存在多种人工骨制品,但因为其价格昂贵,且治疗效果也不肯定,因此,自体骨移植仍是骨科医生进行植骨时的首选。自体骨获取的部位可以是髂骨,肋骨,尺骨,胫骨结节,腓骨等部位,但存在的一个问题是这些部位往往是非手术部位,取自体骨时需要增加一个手术切口,容易增加手术时间及病人术后

    骨折不愈合或延迟愈合时手术医生往往选择更换内固定+骨折部位植骨的方式进行外科处理。尽管目前已经存在多种人工骨制品,但因为其价格昂贵,且治疗效果也不肯定,因此,自体骨移植仍是骨科医生进行植骨时的首选。自体骨获取的部位可以是髂骨,肋骨,尺骨,胫骨结节,腓骨等部位,但存在的一个问题是这些部位往往是非手术部位,取自体骨时需要增加一个手术切口,容易增加手术时间及病人术后并发症,对患者的皮肤外观也会造成影响。
    由此看来,在进行植骨手术时,如何尽可能减少手术切口,缩短手术时间,降低术后并发症发生率就称为一项值得注意的问题。近日,韩国的学者Moses Lee等对此提出了一种新方法,以用于骨折不愈合或延迟愈合患者的植骨手术。他们实施髓内钉固定手术时,在进针点获取植骨所需要的自体骨,并将自体骨植入到骨折不愈合部位促进骨愈合。作者的相关研究结果发表在近期出版的Injury杂志上。
    在该研究中,试验组患者共21例,其中男16例,女5例。纳入标准为:1参加实验的患者治疗方式为胫骨随内钉固定;2.已经接受随内钉固定,后因各种原因需要更换随内钉;3.随内钉手术治疗侧因各种原因需要植骨;4.术前膝关节部位经过X片确认无明显异常。对照组共33名。
    手术技术:患者仰卧位于手术床上,常规消毒铺巾,手术部位暴露。在手术部位两侧准备X光机以便术中对手术视野透视确认。对于既往曾行随内钉固定的患者,沿原手术切口切开皮肤,逐层剥离皮肤,筋膜;而对既往行钢板等内固定的患者,在膝关节髌腱正中前方,髌骨下级处切口,向远端延伸3cm,仔细剥离软组织,暴露胫骨结节部位,在胫骨平台前缘骨皮质部位凿洞,确定插入点。在插入点部位用刮匙刮取松质骨,注意在刮松质骨的时候,要将膝关节置于屈曲位以便扩大手术视野,同时注意不要向上刮取松质骨,以免破坏胫骨平台的完整性,进而造成平台的塌陷。

图1:A在如图所示的部位获取松质骨;B模拟图;C获取的松质骨

    术后平均随访62.7个月(24月-148个月),对植骨相关的术后并发症进行记录,并使用X片等对患者植骨部位和取骨部位进行监测,比较试验组和对照组的膝关节疼痛,膝关节功能评分。
    研究结果显示,试验组的膝关节疼痛评分为1.28分(0-5),而对照组为1.36分(0-7),组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.985)。在膝关节活动度方面,组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.985)(T=130,C=131,P=0.61)。术后6个月随访,所有患者的骨折均获愈合,未见患者出现植骨相关的并发症。

图2:A36岁女性,胫骨骨折不愈合(术后11月),箭头指示骨折不愈合部位;B术后片,将胫骨髓内钉更换为接骨板,并植骨;C术中情况:植骨前和植骨后;D术后6月,骨折愈合(箭头所示部位)

图3:A18岁男性,开放胫骨骨折,骨折闭合复位+外固定支架固定;B术后1月,拆除外固定支架,改换髓内钉,并采用新技术植骨;C术中情况,植骨前和植骨后;D术后6月的片子,骨折已经愈合,取骨部位无明显改变。

    作者认为,该项技术安全、有效,可为植骨手术提供便利,并可避免在其它部位取骨的相关并发症风险。但作者最后指出该技术存在如下问题,应予注意:第一,这类取植骨方法有可能损伤隐神经的膝下支,至膝周皮肤感觉障碍;对骨缺损大的部位,获取的松质骨量可能不够;第三:技术应用的条件较为局限,需满足一定条件的患者才能应用该类技术。远期需要更多的相关研究对该技术的有效性和使用性进行评估。
    编者按:在胫骨平台下方进行松质骨的获取是否会造成胫骨平台部位的损伤文中已经有所阐述,对患者定期进行X片的随访,观察膝关节的情况。但这类患者术后的康复功能锻炼的时间点是否和其他患者类似并没有提及,如果最终患者需要在床上的卧床时间远大于常规方法,那么这么做是否必要还有待讨论。但作为一种相对简便和经济的方法,仍值得提倡。

原文链接:

Lee M, Song HK, Yang KH. Clinical outcomes of autogenous cancellous bone grafts obtained through the portal for tibial nailing. Injury. 2012 Jul;43(7):1118-23. Epub 2012 Mar 27.

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