如何正确使用感染性指标“CRP、PCT、SAA”

2018-06-05 苏显都 儋州市人民医院 检验医学

感染性疾病是临床常见病、多发病,若不能早期诊断并及时治疗,病情进展可导致脓毒症和多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),甚至危及生命。感染早期的临床征象常不典型,如何选择高灵敏性、高特异性的的实验室诊断标志物,协助临床医生早期诊断对患者的病情做出快速、准确的诊断具有重要意义。

感染性疾病是临床常见病、多发病,若不能早期诊断并及时治疗,病情进展可导致脓毒症和多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),甚至危及生命。感染早期的临床征象常不典型,如何选择高灵敏性、高特异性的的实验室诊断标志物,协助临床医生早期诊断对患者的病情做出快速、准确的诊断具有重要意义。

近年来随着体外诊断行业的迅速发展,更加快速、简便、精准的血清学检测在早期感染性疾病的诊断中发挥着越来越重要的作用。血常规、C反应蛋白(CRP)及降钙素原(PCT)是传统的检测指标,广泛应用于临床感染性疾病的诊断及预后评估。而近期兴起的检测指标“血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)”,凭着其在病毒的感染诊断上有着较高的特异性和灵敏性赢得了越来越多临床医生的青睐。

一、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)——早期感染的辅助诊断指标

CRP是一种机体急性期反应蛋白,常用来反映感染的严重程度,广泛应用于急性感染性疾病的临床诊断及抗感染治疗。已有研究证实,正常健康人群中血清CRP水平极低,当机体受到创伤、感染及肿瘤破坏时,CRP在数小时内急剧上升,甚至可达正常值的数百倍,对早期感染的诊断有良好的价值。

CRP作为一个非特异性的诊断指标,在许多炎性过程中都会升高,但在由细菌引起的感染性疾病中,CRP升高水平明显高于非感染性疾病如:免疫、血液、肿瘤相关疾病以及理化损伤等。有研究得出以CRP为8 mg/L作为鉴别感染性发热与非感染性发热的界值,灵敏度和特异度分别为90.3%、68.6%,认为当大于该标准时,应及时使用抗生素。尽管CRP能提示重症感染的存在,但并不能很好的预测感染性休克、脓毒症患者死亡风险。

CRP影响因素多,常见的白细胞变化就可以对CRP有明显影响。因此,在应用时应考虑到CRP升高是否合并其它影响因素。如果联合其他感染标志物可能会很大程度提高CRP的利用价值。

二、降钙素原(procalcitionin, PCT)——脓毒症诊断及指导用药的可靠指标

PCT是降钙素的前体物质,一般机体受到细菌感染时,血清PCT水平显着升高,是反映感染程度的重要生物学指标,在脓毒症的早期诊断及预后评估中具有重要价值。研究表明,动态监测血清PCT水平有助于反映脓毒症患者全身炎性反应的严重程度、炎症过程恢复期的筛检、指导治疗及疗效判断。

PCT对发生在机体不同系统及组织器官中,如神经系统、泌尿系统、腹腔内脏器,尤其是呼吸系统的感染均有一定程度的诊断价值。作为感染相关的生物学标记物,其较CRP有更高的特异性和敏感性。有研究提出:当血清PCT值小于0.25ng/L时,通常认为不会发生感染,不推荐使用抗生素;处于0.25~0.5ng/mL时,表明可能存在感染,可以考虑使用抗生素;而大于0.5ng/mL时,则提示极可能存在感染,抗生素的应用被强烈推荐。以上述PCT界值指导ICU中可疑细菌性感染患者的抗生素治疗,不但可以降低抗生素选择性压力,并且不会明显增加不良预后;同时作为停药依据,还能显着缩短抗生素应用的周期。

同样,在对脓毒血症和血源性感染的诊断的预后评估方面,PCT也显示了明显优于CRP的作用。但PCT在重症疾病中才具有较高的应用价值,在局部感染并不突出其诊断的优势,在价格方面相对血常规、CRP昂贵,并不适用于呼吸道感染、咽炎等常见感染性疾病的检测。因此,尽管PCT有优于CRP对于感染的诊断、评估价值,但就应用成本、广泛程度而言PCT尚不能取代CRP,二者联合应用可提高各种感染性疾病诊断的准确性。

三、血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid protein A, SAA)——病毒感染早期的灵敏指标

SAA是一种主要由肝细胞分泌的急性时相反应蛋白,结合于高密度脂蛋白上,是组织淀粉样蛋白A的前体物质。正常情况下,机体内的SAA含量极低,但在受到外源性的细菌、病毒以及支原体、衣原体等刺激后,肝细胞可大量合成分泌SAA,血液中的SAA水平可在5~6h的时间内升高1000倍。

鉴于其以上特性,SAA可作为敏感的感染性疾病的标志物用于临床诊疗,成为继白细胞计数和CRP之后,感染性疾病早期辅助诊断的又一个新指标。SAA是病毒感染早期最灵敏的指标之一,在病毒感染和细菌感染中均可升高,特别是在呼吸道病毒感染和手足口病毒感染疾病初期,SAA均有明显升高,而CRP一般不升高或略有升高。在急性炎症和创伤刺激下,SAA的水平可在5~6h内迅速升高。SAA和CRP联合检测可鉴别诊断细菌感染和病毒感染,提高病毒感染早期的诊断率,并为病毒感染和细菌感染的治疗方案提供有用的参考。SAA和CRP联合检测可判断感染性疾病的严重程度,同时也可用于监控感染性疾病的治疗疗效观察和预后。

总结

1.血常规和CRP一般常用于鉴别细菌感染和病毒感染,但并不能很好地预测感染性休克及脓毒症患者的死亡风险。

2.PCT是目前脓毒症诊断、评估疗效和预后最为有效的工具之一。目前,学术界已达成共识的是PCT水平的高低和脓毒症的严重程度呈高度正相关,其浓度降低可视为感染得到控制和治疗取得效果。已有学者通过连续的PCT水平监测,成功预测了危重症患者90d的病死率。然而单独使用PCT评估脓毒症患者预后不可避免的会发生失真,当前主流的学术观点更为推荐使用PCT联合其他指标[如C反应蛋白(CRP)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)和序贯器官衰竭评估(SOFA)评分等)]以提高脓毒症预后的预测效阈。

3.CRP、SAA在急性感染疾病中联合检测能有效判断细菌性感染和病毒性感染。

4.血常规+CRP+PCT+SAA联合检测的普及,对于感染性疾病的诊断会更加快速、精准。

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    2019-03-20 lvliquan
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    2018-06-08 邓启付

    SAA以前不了解.学习了.

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1924727, encodeId=197a1924e271c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fd31388ecf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13887, encryptionId=4fd31388ecf, topicName=PCT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=796422, createdName=lvliquan, createdTime=Wed Mar 20 18:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1655424, encodeId=d61b165542477, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c2853311ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感染性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53311, encryptionId=7c2853311ac, topicName=感染性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=583d24724321, createdName=charl1234575, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 20:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322501, encodeId=58283225017c, content=SAA以前不了解.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzcjoLTEEgkSSQ8pVIiaf4a4INaoMLBV16QEk3dvvBRpicwIwmDGv0jePErJ4aE9ibVBDPtkialQLT9Bs/0, createdBy=04811949400, createdName=邓启付, createdTime=Fri Jun 08 12:53:01 CST 2018, time=2018-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269603, encodeId=4ef812696031c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ca6952e52f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5275, encryptionId=ca6952e52f, topicName=CRP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 08:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321865, encodeId=49f832186597, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 07:34:40 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321864, encodeId=d45b3218648b, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 07:34:11 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321706, encodeId=ea21321e06a0, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Tue Jun 05 19:15:24 CST 2018, time=2018-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-07 rebeccajiejie
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1924727, encodeId=197a1924e271c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fd31388ecf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13887, encryptionId=4fd31388ecf, topicName=PCT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=796422, createdName=lvliquan, createdTime=Wed Mar 20 18:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1655424, encodeId=d61b165542477, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c2853311ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感染性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53311, encryptionId=7c2853311ac, topicName=感染性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=583d24724321, createdName=charl1234575, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 20:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322501, encodeId=58283225017c, content=SAA以前不了解.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzcjoLTEEgkSSQ8pVIiaf4a4INaoMLBV16QEk3dvvBRpicwIwmDGv0jePErJ4aE9ibVBDPtkialQLT9Bs/0, createdBy=04811949400, createdName=邓启付, createdTime=Fri Jun 08 12:53:01 CST 2018, time=2018-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269603, encodeId=4ef812696031c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ca6952e52f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5275, encryptionId=ca6952e52f, topicName=CRP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 08:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321865, encodeId=49f832186597, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 07:34:40 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321864, encodeId=d45b3218648b, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 07:34:11 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321706, encodeId=ea21321e06a0, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Tue Jun 05 19:15:24 CST 2018, time=2018-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-06 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1924727, encodeId=197a1924e271c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fd31388ecf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13887, encryptionId=4fd31388ecf, topicName=PCT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=796422, createdName=lvliquan, createdTime=Wed Mar 20 18:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1655424, encodeId=d61b165542477, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c2853311ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感染性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53311, encryptionId=7c2853311ac, topicName=感染性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=583d24724321, createdName=charl1234575, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 20:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322501, encodeId=58283225017c, content=SAA以前不了解.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzcjoLTEEgkSSQ8pVIiaf4a4INaoMLBV16QEk3dvvBRpicwIwmDGv0jePErJ4aE9ibVBDPtkialQLT9Bs/0, createdBy=04811949400, createdName=邓启付, createdTime=Fri Jun 08 12:53:01 CST 2018, time=2018-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269603, encodeId=4ef812696031c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ca6952e52f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5275, encryptionId=ca6952e52f, topicName=CRP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 08:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321865, encodeId=49f832186597, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 07:34:40 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321864, encodeId=d45b3218648b, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 07:34:11 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321706, encodeId=ea21321e06a0, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Tue Jun 05 19:15:24 CST 2018, time=2018-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-06 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1924727, encodeId=197a1924e271c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fd31388ecf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13887, encryptionId=4fd31388ecf, topicName=PCT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=796422, createdName=lvliquan, createdTime=Wed Mar 20 18:50:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1655424, encodeId=d61b165542477, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c2853311ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感染性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53311, encryptionId=7c2853311ac, topicName=感染性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=583d24724321, createdName=charl1234575, createdTime=Tue Jul 31 20:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322501, encodeId=58283225017c, content=SAA以前不了解.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzcjoLTEEgkSSQ8pVIiaf4a4INaoMLBV16QEk3dvvBRpicwIwmDGv0jePErJ4aE9ibVBDPtkialQLT9Bs/0, createdBy=04811949400, createdName=邓启付, createdTime=Fri Jun 08 12:53:01 CST 2018, time=2018-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269603, encodeId=4ef812696031c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ca6952e52f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5275, encryptionId=ca6952e52f, topicName=CRP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 08:50:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321865, encodeId=49f832186597, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 07:34:40 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321864, encodeId=d45b3218648b, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 07:34:11 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=321706, encodeId=ea21321e06a0, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Tue Jun 05 19:15:24 CST 2018, time=2018-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-05 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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