Diabetologia:较高的非严重低血糖发生率与2型糖尿病患者随后发生严重低血糖和主要心血管不良事件的风险增加相关

2021-11-15 医路坦克 MedSci原创

LEADER是一项长期心血管预后试验的数据显示,NSHEs发生率较高与2型糖尿病患者严重低血糖,MACE,心血管死亡和全因死亡率较高有关。

      有相当多的证据表明,1型和2型糖尿病患者从保持良好的血糖控制中受益匪浅;然而,许多人没有达到他们的治疗目标。不想要的治疗相关副作用,如低血糖,是糖尿病患者最佳血糖控制的障碍。低血糖是糖尿病治疗的一种常见的、潜在危险的副作用,尤其是胰岛素和磺脲类药物,它可能导致精神错乱、昏迷和癫痫发作;不出所料,对未来发作的恐惧影响个人和家庭成员。对主要临床试验的分析已经调查了严重低血糖(定义为需要他人帮助的认知障碍)和不良血管结果之间的关系。这些分析表明,在2型糖尿病患者中,严重低血糖与全因死亡率和/或不良心血管结局的风险增加相关。相反,在ACCORD(控制糖尿病心血管风险的行动)中,虽然所有出现症状和严重低血糖的参与者死亡风险都有所增加,但那些经历一次或多次低血糖发作的患者接受强化血糖控制与标准血糖控制相比,死亡风险更低。这表明,除严重低血糖外,其他因素也是造成两组患者死亡率差异的原因。

     对严重低血糖的易感性可能只是潜在疾病的一个标志,从而增加了这些人的死亡风险。或者,在接受强化治疗并经历低血糖的患者中观察到的死亡风险的降低可能是由于反复发生低血糖导致交感-肾上腺反应受损,这与不良的心血管效应有关。重要的是,虽然已证实严重低血糖与不良心血管事件风险增加之间存在关联,但也有证据表明既往心血管事件与严重低血糖相关。然而,最近的证据表明,心血管事件的风险似乎随着低血糖风险评分的增加而增加,这支持了低血糖可能是不良心血管结局的危险因素的假设。严重低血糖与心血管和其他非血管性疾病之间的双向关系可能仅仅反映了低血糖和这些其他疾病的易感性增加。如果严重低血糖识别出更有可能经历心血管事件的“病情较重的人”,那么无论是否存在因果联系,它都可以被认为是心血管疾病的风险标志。在对2型糖尿病患者以及患有和不患有糖尿病的危重患者的一些研究中,非严重低血糖发作(NSHE)与心血管事件、住院和全因死亡的风险较高相关。

    然而,其他研究发现,当测量4年以上的心血管死亡时,在血糖异常和心血管事件高危的参与者中,或在2型糖尿病患者中,NSHE与心血管结果没有相关性。研究表明,在1型糖尿病患者中,较高的NSHE发生率与严重低血糖的风险更高],但与2型糖尿病患者的相关性尚不清楚。一些研究报告了相关性,但其他研究,包括Origin(使用初始甘精干预降低结果)试验,在调整混杂变量后没有发现相关性。NSHE与严重低血糖之间的联系已得到很好的认识,但更频繁的NSHE与心血管事件的关联仍未解决。为了进一步探讨这种关系,我们检查了大量2型糖尿病和心血管风险增加的患者中非严重和严重低血糖事件的频率。LEADER(利拉鲁肽在糖尿病中的作用和作用:心血管结果评估)是一项心血管结果试验,除了对2型糖尿病和心血管高危患者进行标准治疗外,还对利拉鲁肽和安慰剂进行了中位随访3.8年。LEADER试验的规模和设计,以及相对大量的NSHE(定义为伴随血糖读数<3.1 mmol/l[56 mg/dl]确认症状与低血糖症状一致的事件),因此为研究NSHE与2型糖尿病患者严重低血糖发作之间的关联提供了机会。这项分析还旨在调查NSHE与主要不良心脏事件(MACE)、心血管死亡和全因死亡率之间的可能联系,但不旨在确定因果关系。

方法

LEADER是一项双盲、多中心、安慰剂对照试验,包括9340名未受控的2型糖尿病患者(糖化血红蛋白≥53mmolmol[7%]),或者根据研究者的判断,50岁的≥既有心血管疾病(81%),或者60岁的≥至少有一个心血管危险因素(19%)。参与者以1:1的随机比例接受1.8毫克(或最大耐受量)的利拉鲁肽或相匹配的安慰剂,在标准治疗的基础上每天服用一次。随机分组后未达到血糖控制目标(糖化血红蛋白≤53mmolmol[7%]或个体化目标)的患者可以接受额外的降血糖药物(不包括胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂、二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂或普拉林肽)进行治疗。参与者在试验期间使用由研究赞助商提供的单一类型的方案定义的血糖仪测量和记录血糖,并根据当地研究人员的自由裁量权自行测量空腹血糖的说明。血糖控制是通过回顾个体参与者的自我测量的血糖(SMPG)值和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平来指导的。参与者提供了书面同意,根据当地法规,由适当的卫生当局和独立的伦理委员会/机构审查委员会批准。

结果
我们证明NSHE(每年2~11次NSHE和≥每年12次NSHE)与严重低血糖事件(未调整的HRS1.98[95%可信区间1.43,2.75]和5.01[95%可信区间2.84,8.84])之间存在相关性,这在考虑基线特征时是一致的。此外,虽然每年有2-11次≥的参与者与心血管不良结局没有关联,但较高的NSHE发生率(每年12次NSHE)与较高的MACE风险(HR1.50[95%CI1.01,2.23])、心血管死亡(HR2.08[95%CI1.17,3.70])和总死亡率(HR1.80[95%CI1.11,2.92])相关。

严重低血糖、MACE、心血管死亡和全因死亡的Cox比例风险模型的时间依赖协变量分析:(a)未校正;(b)根据基线特征(不包括肾功能)进行调整;(c)根据基线特征(包括肾功能)进行调整。参照组,A组:每年<2次NSHE;B组:每年2-11次NSHE;C组:每年≥12次

NHE与其他事件关联的敏感性分析。(A)NSHE和结果的时间依赖协变量敏感性分析,当新的结果事件发生时,暴露时间被分割。(B)暴露的第一年被用来将参与者分为三个风险类别之一,其余的暴露时间被用来研究风险类别与第一次事件发生时间之间的关系。(C)与主要分析相同,但数据集中排除了严重低血糖事件。参照组,A组:每年<2次NSHE;B组:每年2-11次NSHE;C组:每年≥12次

总之,LEADER是一项长期心血管预后试验的数据显示,NSHEs发生率较高与2型糖尿病患者严重低血糖,MACE,心血管死亡和全因死亡率较高有关。我们强烈主张,无论CVD与低血糖之间存在联系的根本驱动因素是什么,医疗保健专业人员和患者必须采取措施减少这种常见的治疗并发症。

文献来源: Heller SR,  Geybels MS,  Iqbal A, A higher non-severe hypoglycaemia rate is associated with an increased risk of subsequent severe hypoglycaemia and major adverse cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes in the LEADER study,Diabetologia 2021 Oct 26;

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