《2016 基于个体化的广泛性焦虑障碍中医临床实践指南》发布

2016-07-11 MedSci MedSci原创

焦虑是人类常见的一种情绪反应,大部分人 在遇到各种压力时都会出现焦虑症状,这并非病 态。但随着现代社会的发展,人类社会活动生活 规律的改变,各种挑战接踵而至,许多人在面对 现实问题时表现出一种慢性的担忧状态,即广泛 性焦虑。本病已呈发病率高、发病人群广 (如城 市儿童、学前儿童、大学生、神经系统疾病伴发 者等[1 -4] )的趋势,广泛影响大众身心健康,使 患者陷入严重的精神和躯体痛苦

焦虑是人类常见的一种情绪反应,大部分人 在遇到各种压力时都会出现焦虑症状,这并非病 态。但随着现代社会的发展,人类社会活动生活 规律的改变,各种挑战接踵而至,许多人在面对 现实问题时表现出一种慢性的担忧状态,即广泛 性焦虑。本病已呈发病率高、发病人群广 (如城 市儿童、学前儿童、大学生、神经系统疾病伴发 者等)的趋势,广泛影响大众身心健康,使 患者陷入严重的精神和躯体痛苦之中,使大脑思 维、记忆、创新性功能和社会活动功能受损, (乃至采取结束自己生命的行为 )。然而治疗广 泛性焦虑仍沿用传统镇静安眠药 (主要是苯二氮 卓类药物)与 -HT1A 受体的部分激动剂 (主 要是丁螺环酮类药物)。苯二氮艹 卓类药物的不良 反应如成瘾性、依赖性、戒断性反应、抑制呼 吸、影响昼间觉醒质量、行为和容易出现操作性 事故等,造成严重的医疗、社会问题;丁螺环酮 类也有头晕、头痛、恶心、呕吐及胃肠功能紊乱 等反应,并不能使广大医患双方满意。

然而,广泛性焦虑障碍是中医有效治疗的疾 病之一。从古时的郁病起,中医药治疗广泛 性焦虑障碍具有明显的特色和优势,因其能够较 快地缓解广泛性焦虑的核心症状及周边症状,降 低西药抗焦虑抑郁药的不良反应,有助于提高人 们的生活质量,减少与广泛性焦虑相关的精神障 碍、心理障碍、亚健康状态、其他内科疾病的发生,且疗效稳定,从而受到人们越来越多的关 注。经过历代医家长期的探索与发展,中医治疗 本病已形成了初具循证医学证据的治疗方法。通 过对广泛性焦虑障碍的中医症状、证候辨证诊断 和疗效评价规范标准化进行了系列研究,中华中 医药学会 《中医内科常见病诊疗指南西医疾病部 分·焦虑症 (2008)》中将本病分为 8 个证候类 型 ;国家中医药管理局 《中医证候诊断疗效标 准 (1994)》中将郁病分为 5 个证型 ;第五版 普通高等中医药规划教材 《中医内科学》中将郁 病分为 6 个证型 ; 《中医郁病诊疗指南》将本 病分为 6 个证型。

本指南以量化评分法工作经验 为基础,参照国家中医重点专科郁病 (广泛性焦 虑障碍)协作组制定的郁病 (广泛性焦虑障 碍)《诊疗方案》,确定广泛性焦虑的中医评价标 准,结合其他焦虑评价量表,如焦虑自评量表 (SAS)、焦虑状态 -特质问卷 (STAI)、测验焦 虑量表 (TAI)、贝克焦虑量表 (BAI)、显性焦 虑量表 (MAS),进行了有效的临床研究。

本指南适用于接受中医药治疗的广泛性焦虑 障碍患者,非继发于器质性疾病的患者,诊断广 泛性焦虑障碍前需要排除躯体疾病如甲状腺疾 病、心脏疾病、脑卒中、物质滥用如酒精和药物 以及其他功能性精神障碍。此类患者应以治疗原 发疾病为主。

本指南以中医药的诊断、治疗和护理建议为 主要内容,但不包括蒙医、藏医、回医、壮医等其他传统医学的诊断与治疗方法。

本指南不包括妇女特殊时期的焦虑,以及由 明确的内科、精神科、神经科疾病引起的广泛性 焦虑。

本指南可供中医药专业人员及精神、心理医 学相关学科医生以及专科医师、临床社工师及精 神卫生管理人员使用。

本指南的主要目的是推荐具有循证医学证据 和中医共识的广泛性焦虑的中医药诊断与治疗方 法,促进临床医生、护理人员规范使用中医药进 行医疗实践活动;加强对广泛性焦虑治疗管理; 提高广泛性焦虑患者的生活质量。

本指南资料来源及检索策略和办法:采用计 算机和手工相结合的方法进行检索。

本指南中文资料来源于中国医院数字图书 馆,包括中国期刊全文数据库 (CNKI)、CBM- DISK、中国中医药文献数据库、中国优秀博硕士 学位论文全文数据库、中国医用信息资源系统 (维普)和中文生物医学期刊文献数据库 (CMCC)等数据库。以焦虑症中医药辩 证论治治疗为关键词进行检索。检索的文 献期限为。 参加编撰指南的专家本着认真、科学、求实 的态度,力求指南符合科学性、实用性、可行 性。希望能对临床实践有所帮助,也希望对中医 治疗广泛性焦虑的规范化诊疗起到抛砖引玉的作 用。

限于经验与学术水平,本指南并非尽善尽 美,难免存在缺点乃至错误,衷心希望各位临床 医师在使用过程中提出宝贵意见,以便进一步修 改完善。 文献证据分级标准 1 针对传统医学的证据分级 Ia:来自于至少 1 篇 RCT 到系列病例的各种 证据均表明一致的效应 Ib:具有足够把握度的单个 RCTIIa:队列研究 (有对照的前瞻性研究) IIb:病例对照研究 IIIa:历史性对照的系列病例 IIIb:自身前后对照的病例系列 IV:病例报告和史料记载,使用时间超过 30 年 V:专家观点,临床经验

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