Eur Spine J:应力遮挡为腰椎椎体骨量丢失的成因

2014-07-04 orthowhq 丁香园

骨质疏松引起骨矿盐丢失和骨小梁结构改变,椎体骨折的风险增高。尽管年龄相关的骨量丢失通常归因于性激素缺乏,骨也对机械负荷敏感。正常的负荷产生内应力,刺激骨密度增长,骨小梁结构改变以提高骨强度。相反,每天负荷减少导致骨量丢失迅速,不负荷本身即可引起骨质疏松。 当骨负荷超过其强度极限时,即可骨折。骨折风险可通过骨密度(BMD)评估。椎体骨折为日常活动中常可发生的骨折类型,与高能损伤引起的创伤骨折及

骨质疏松引起骨矿盐丢失和骨小梁结构改变,椎体骨折的风险增高。尽管年龄相关的骨量丢失通常归因于性激素缺乏,骨也对机械负荷敏感。正常的负荷产生内应力,刺激骨密度增长,骨小梁结构改变以提高骨强度。相反,每天负荷减少导致骨量丢失迅速,不负荷本身即可引起骨质疏松。

当骨负荷超过其强度极限时,即可骨折。骨折风险可通过骨密度(BMD)评估。椎体骨折为日常活动中常可发生的骨折类型,与高能损伤引起的创伤骨折及反复负荷引起的应力骨折不同,正常负荷超过骨内在应力极限,导致骨质疏松椎体骨折。

正常腰椎负荷由椎体和神经弓(通过小关节突)分别承担,正常情况下小关节突承担0-33%的负荷,而退变时增至50%。因而,腰椎椎体负荷随年龄,退变和前凸而减少。称为负荷后移,引起椎体的应力遮挡,为椎体骨质疏松的假说成因之一。

美国梅约医院骨科的学者进行了一项病例对照研究,提示应力遮挡为腰椎椎体骨量丢失的成因,可致骨折风险增高,文章于2014年6月发表在Eur Spine J上。

该研究共纳入该科室过去5年间50岁以上的,36例女性腰椎骨质疏松骨折的病例(平均年龄74.5岁),骨质疏松通过定量CT确认,骨折椎体为腰3以外的腰椎。椎体骨折在脊柱中的分布见表1。所选的对照为39例无骨折,但行定量CT患者(平均年龄70.9岁)。

图1 脊柱中椎体骨折的分布

评估指标为腰3椎体和神经弓(关节突间峡部)的骨小梁容积BMD(vBMD,图2),并据此计算神经弓/椎体vBMD比率,与骨折的关系通过年龄和体重指数修正后的线性回归模型加以分析。


图2 vBMD计算过程。a. 腰椎矢状位CT示兴趣区域,层1和2为分析的椎体和神经弓骨小梁,层1为腰2软骨终板中央。b. Hounsfield单位窗用于定义脊柱皮质骨。c.使用图像编辑和切线定义椎体和神经弓界限,椎体和神经弓分别分析。d. Boolean法及图像编辑功能分别记录椎体和神经弓骨小梁骨量。

结果显示,骨折病例椎体骨小梁vBMD较对照低(49.0对87.5mg/cm3),神经弓骨小梁vBMD类似(96.1对118.2)。骨折病例神经弓/椎体vBMD比率较对照高(2.31对1.44,图3),其与年龄和骨折状态的散点图见图4。测得的数据见表1。


图3 骨折病例和对照vBMD和神经弓/椎体vBMD比率


图4 神经弓/椎体vBMD比率与年龄和骨折状态的散点图,回归线:虚线为骨折病例,实线为对照病例。


表1 椎体和神经弓骨小梁vBMD测量值


以上研究结果提示,腰椎退变引起的应力遮挡,为椎体骨量丢失的成因,可致骨折风险增高。

成人骨量影响因素很多,包括遗传,青少年时期的骨量获取和体力活动。负重对于骨重建和骨量的维持很重要。脊柱退变,改变了应力分布,移向后方结构。本研究证实了应力后移而致的椎体应力遮挡为椎体骨质疏松的原因之一,采取可能的干预措施干预应力后移,则可预防骨折的发生。

原始出处:

Giambini H1, Salman Roghani R, Thoreson AR, Melton LJ 3rd, An KN, Gay RE.Lumbar trabecular bone mineral density distribution in patients with and without vertebral fractures: a case-control study.Eur Spine J. 2014 Jun;23(6):1346-53. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3205-2. Epub 2014 Jan 30.

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    2014-11-24 mgqwxj
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    2015-02-07 clmlylxy
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    2014-07-06 dingxiaobo
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